The Middle East Department of the University of Chicago Library maintains an archive of early photographs of the Middle East, which have been scanned and made available on the World Wide Web. Read the introduction below for information about the collection, or go straight to the categories page to begin viewing the images.
Introduction to the Archive:
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the spread of the art of photography and the influx of Europeans into the lands of the Middle East conjoined in the creation of a large number of photographs produced by professional photographers. During these decades, the versatility of photography was enhanced through the development of a variety of chemical techniques, enabling photographers to produce images in relatively large numbers, intended chiefly to satisfy the tourism trade burgeoning in the Middle East and the European thirst for images of the Orient. Antique photographs, of course, stand now as important documents of the history of photography. However, the significance of these artifacts is enriched by their utility as historical documents of the architectural and social history of the Middle East. The photographers chose as subjects the monuments of the Middle East's medieval and ancient past, as well as scenes of daily life. Since the nineteenth century, many of these monuments have been altered through architectural restoration, or their contexts have been radically transformed by the inevitable modernization witnessed in this century. In some cases, and particularly in those scenes depicting social life, the images are the only surviving records of the Middle East's history.
Most of the photographs in the Middle East Department's archive date to the
second half of the nineteenth century. The vast majority of these are albumen-based
photographs (the principal technique used during these years), supplemented
by a few gelatin-based photographs (the precursor of the modern technique),
and a few photochrome prints (early twentieth century dyed prints, producing
a "color" photographic image).
The archive is particularly strong in photographs of nineteenth century Cairo.
To be sure, Europeans were attracted to Egypt by its Pharaonic monuments. 
Once
there, however, visitors came to appreciate Cairo as the largest and best-preserved
medieval metropolis in the world. The scores of Islamic monuments built between
the ninth and fifteenth centuries in and around Cairo provided a huge number
of subjects for photography. The collection includes photographs of the Mosque
of 'Amr ibn al-'As, the Muslim general who conquered Egypt in the seventh century,
and the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, who ruled Egypt in the ninth century, which show
the condition of these landmark monuments in the 1880's prior to their restoration
in this century. Other invaluable photographs in the archive record the tombs
of the Mamluk sultans in conditions approximating their original late medieval
contexts. Built on the desert outskirts of medieval Cairo, these buildings are
now tightly enclosed by the city's modern urban sprawl, confining exterior view
of these masterpieces of Islamic architecture. In addition, photographs of non-architectural
subjects show the variety of traditional Middle Eastern and scenes of nineteenth
century daily life in urban and rural situations.