Patents

• General Information
• Types of Patents
• Lifetime of a Patent
• How to Guides
• Patent Databases/Web Sites
• Subject Specific Patent Databases/Web Sites
• Found a Patents? Need the full-text?
• Historical or Significant Patents
• Patent Offices Worldwide, Information on the Application Process and More

Introduction to Understanding Patents - University of Michigan, Media Union Library
~ Definition of “patent”
~ Three Categories: Utility, Plant, Design
~ Three Criteria: Usefulness, Novelty, Non-obviousness
~ Getting your patent
~ International Patent Protection

General Information on Patents - Stanford University Libraries
~ Information on Patents
~ Patent Classification Codes
~ History of Patents
~ Future Plans
~ Famous Inventions & Patents

General Information about Patents - Oppedahl & Larson LLP.
~ General
~ Provisional patent applications
~ Getting patents in foreign countries
~ Resources for patent searches
~ Comparing patents with other forms of intellectual property
~ Things to be careful about
~ Miscellaneous

Patent Searching on the Web - Philip Boxell, Franklin Pierce Law Center
~ Patent Searching Sites on the Web
~ Patent Database Producer & Vendor Home Pages
~ Patent Searching Pages & Tutorials on the Web
~ Directories of Patent Searchers & Attorneys
~ Patent Searching Professional Organization Home Pages
~ Patent Listservs, Newsgroups & E-mail Newsletters
~ Global Patent Offices
~ Other International Offices or Similar Authorities
~ Sources of Foreign Patents on the Web
~ Patent Trademark Depository Libraries on the Web - USA (by State) & Worldwide

Glossary of Patent Terms - Derwent Information - Thompson Scientific

IPO International Patent Classification

US Patent Classification

Index to Manual of Classification of Patents - ibiblio.org - University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill
~ Search by keywords as opposed to classification code/number.
~ Alphabetical listing provided.

Patent Information Bibliography - Patent Information Users Group
~ Books & journal articles

UTILITY PATENT
"are granted for new, useful, & nonobvious processes, machines, manufactured articles, compositions, or improvements in any of the above. Examples of utility patents range from the well-known artificial heart valve (#4,490,859) to the microwave clothes dryer (#4,490,923)". (Levy, Richard. Inventing & Patenting Sourcebook, Detroit: Gale Research Inc, p.6)

• Guidelines for Examination of Applications for Compliance with the Utility Requirement

DESIGN PATENT
"are available for the invention of new, original, & ornamental designs for articles of manufacture. A design patent only protects the appearance of an article & not its structure or utilitarian features. Examples of design patents range from the ordinary combined toothbrush holder/tumbler (#278,586) to a seaweed plate garnish for a sushi dish (#278,565)". (Levy, Richard. Inventing & Patenting Sourcebook, Detroit: Gale Research Inc, p.6)

• Design Patents - Bitlaw - Resources on Technology Law
• What are Design Patents & Why are they Useful? -The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
  

PLANT PATENT
"are provided to anyone who has invented or discovered & asexually reproduced any distinct & new variety of plant, including cultivated sports, mutants, hybrids, & newly found seedlings, other than a tuber-propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state. Examples of plant patents include a new & distinct cultivator of African violet (#5,383), a variety of almond tree (#5,382), & a chrysanthemum plant named Organdy (#5,278)". (Levy, Richard. Inventing & Patenting Sourcebook, Detroit: Gale Research Inc, p.67).

• Plant Patents - US Patent & Trademark Office
• PlantPatent.com - Vincent Gioia
• The First Plant Patents - Robert Starr Allyn, Brooklyn, Educational Foundations, Inc., c1934.
  ~ Available at the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago, microfilm SB123.5.A565.
  
  
  

UNITED STATES
"In the U.S., according to the current patent law, the pattm grants utility patents that last for 20 years; & plant patents & design patents that last for 14 years". (" Introduction to Understanding Patents" University of Michigan, Media Union Library [Accessed August 30, 2006] )

EUROPE
"A European patent gives its holder the same rights in the designated contracting states as a national patent. It is valid for 20 years". ("Facts & figures 1999" EPO < www.european-patent-office.org/epo/facts_figures/facts1999/e/3.htm> [Accessed October 5, 2000])

JAPAN
"The term of the utility model right is 6 years from the filing date of the utility model application, though a utility model right shall come into force upon registration of its establishment. No renewal of the utility model right is possible. The term of a design right shall expire 15 years from the date of registration of its establishment. No renewal of the design right is possible. The term of the patent right is 20 years from the filing date of the patent application, though a patent right shall come into force upon registration of its establishment. No renewal of the patent right is possible. As an exception, the term of the patent right may be extended by a period not exceeding 5 years, if it was not possible to work the patented invention because of the necessity of obtaining an approval or other disposition which is governed by provisions in laws such as the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law & the Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law". ("Frequently Asked Questions" Japanese Patent Office <http://www.jpo.go.jp/index.htm>[Accessed October 5, 2000])

UNITED KINGDOM
"In the UK the legal rights last for a maximum term of 20 years from the date of filing of the patent application at the Patent Office. The patent has to be maintained by payment of renewal fees. Once the 20 year term has expired or the patent has lapsed through non-payment of renewal fees, the invention can be worked by anyone as long as there are no other intellectual property rights associated with the invention". ("FAQ - How long does a patent last?" The British Library Science Technology & Business < http://www.bl.uk/collections/patents/faq.html> [Accessed October 20, 2000])

CANADA
"For patent applications filed before October 1, 1989, the term of the patent is 17 years from the date of issue. For patent applications filed on or after October 1, 1989, the term of the patent is 20 years from the date of filing of the application". ("Help" Canadian Patent Database < patents1.ic.gc.ca/content-e.html#patdocument[Accessed October 23, 2000])

Patent Search Tools -University of Delaware Library

Searching for Patents by Subject - University of Delaware Library

Searching for Patents by Inventor or Assignee - University of Delaware Library

Patent & Trademark Searching -McKinney Engineering Library, University of Texas at Austin

World Wide | United States | Canada | Europe | Japan | Other
Finding a Full-Text Copy of a Patent: In Print

WORLDWIDE
Free Access

European Patent Office (EPO) - European Patent Organisation - ( PDF Example Search)
Worldwide|Free Access|Dates: Vary from 1920+ | Language: Varies|Size: 150 million+
~ There are several databases that can be searched:
         * "EPO & the World Intellectual Property" database: original language from 1998+.
         * The "Worldwide patent" database: with an English abstract & title from 1920+.
         * The Japan database provides access to Japanese patents from 1980+ in English.
~ Search by keyword, patent number or company name.
~ Some full text documents are provided.
~ When viewing: Click on the patent number. You will be shown one page at a time. You must return to the "information is loading" screen, then select the next page from the pull down menu.
~ Requires Acrobat Reader to view PDF files.
~ The database can be searched using English, French or German.
~ EPO produces INPADOC: www.european-patent-office.org/inpadoc/
~ INPADOC is one of the most comprehensive databases where to perform patent family searches on a worldwide basis. It is estimated that INPADOC covers some 95% of all patents published worldwide since 1973. INPADOC is available via commercial hosts such as Dialog:      www.library.dialog.com

IBM Intellectual Property - Delphion
Worldwide|Free Access|Dates: Vary from 1968+ | English | Size: Not stated
~ US, European, Japanese, INPADOC Family & Legal Status & WIPO Patents
~ Description of databases available at: www.patents.ibm.com/collect_descrip
~ Some full text documents are provided for free in PDF format.
~ You may also purchase print copies of patents from IBM Intellectual Property.

SciFinder Scholar - Chemical Abstracts - (PDF Example Search)
University of Chicago has a subscription | Specifically for Chemical literature & data
~ SciFinder Scholar may be searched 24 hrs/day by University of Chicago faculty, staff & students.
~ It is designed as an academic research tool for searching the chemical literature & data.
~ The CAplus File includes patents.
~ Downloading instructions & further information/help are available.
~ Older volumes are available from 1907+ in the Chemistry Library Reference Collection at QD1.A48.
~ From 1907-1995 is available in the Crerar Library Reference Collection at QD1.A48.
~ Subscription prices can be found on SciFinder Scholar web site located at:
www.cas.org/SCIFINDER/SCHOLAR/

WORLDWIDE
Subscription Required

World Patents Index (WPI) - Derwent Information - part of Thompson Scientific
Worldwide | Subscription Required | Dates: Vary from 1963+ | Language: Varies | Size: 10 million +
~ WPI combines all of Derwents indexes into one - this is the complete database.
~ Provides a "Patent Searching" service. Derwent will do your patent searching for you.
~ A "Patent Watch" service is also provided.
~ Updated weekly.
~ Available on Dialog, DIMDI, ISI, Questel.Orbit, STN & WESTLAW.
~ Covers 40 patent issuing bodies: Argentina (1975-1976 only), Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Germany, Ireland (1963-1969 only), European Patent Office, Finland, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, PCT Patent Cooperation Treaty or World Patents), People's Republic of China,  Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Spain, South Africa, Soviet Union, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States,  and West Germany.

Questel-Orbit
Worldwide | Subscription Required | Dates: Vary from 1974+ | Language: Varies | Size: 1.8 million+
~ Registered users have access to full-text patents.
~ Abstracts are in english.
~ One day trials available. Trial users are given access to abstracts.
~ Full-page (GIF) images of over 99% of the patents is available.
~ Orbit/Questel provides access to over 25 patent databases.

PatentMiner - Manning & Napier Information Services
US, Japan, Europe | Fee-based service| Dates: Vary from 1974+| Language: Varies | Size: 1.8 million+
~ PatentMiner is not available on a subscription basis. Costs are per search or per 24 hour usage.
~ MAPIT, a PatentMiner product, is available on a subscription basis.

Patent Web - MicroPatent
Worldwide | Subscription Required / Pay-Per-Use| Dates: Vary from 1976+| Language: Varies | Size: Unknown
~ $95.00 a day or $7500 a year.
~ Also can establish a PatentWeb account from which the cost of services is deducted.

US Patent & Trademark Office - ( PDF Example Search)
US | Free Access | 1790+ | Language: English | Size: 3 million +
~ Patents from 1790-1975 can only be searched by patent numbers & current US Classifications.
~ Obtaining patent numbers or current US Classification may involve a web search. Use a search engine such as Google to find documentation on a patent. Attempt to find a patent number. This number can then be used in the US Patent & Trademark database to retrieve the full-text.
~ 1976+ patents can be searched via various fields such as inventor, title, issue date & more.
~ Only granted patents are included. Patent applications are not in this database.
~ Users have two options: search for full-text or do a quick search just for the first page of the patent.
~ Requires a TIFF plug-in (AlternaTiff is recommended) which can be downloaded for free:
~ www.uspto.gov/web/menu/viewers.html
~ Updated weekly.

Agricola (Agriculture Online Access) - Community of Science
US - Agriculture |University of Chicago has a subscription | 1979+ | Language: English| Size: Unclear
~ Excellent database for searching plant patents in the US. Focuses on issues related to agriculture.
~ Complied by the National Agricultural Library of the US Department of Agriculture.
~ Searching for patents: Select "advanced" searching. Search for "patent" in the "source" field.
~ Include your search terms in the other fields. Your results will only include patents.
~ To find the patent number: look at the record. The patent number will be located beside the "Plant patent - United States & Trademark Office" statement. Plant patents will consist of four digits.
~ For a full-text copy of this patent: go to the US Patent & Trademark Office. Conduct a search using "Patent Number". You must type "pp" before the patent number i.e. pp8091.

Catalog of Government Patents - NTIS, US Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1981-1982
US Government Patents |In Library | Dates: 1966-1980 | Language: English | Print Resource
~ Available at the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago - vol 1-5 - T223.C2C370
~ v. 1. Chemical & related arts, 1966-74
~ v. 2. Electrical & related arts, 1966-74
~ v. 3. General & mechanical, 1966-74 -
~ v. 4. Abstracts 1975-80
~ v. 5. Index 1975-80.
~ Thousands of government-owned patents are listed.
~ Abstracts & illustrations included in most cases.

Catalog of Government Patents - Center for the Utilization of Federal Technology, National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va. : NTIS, US Dept. of Commerce, 1983-
US Government Patents |In Library|Dates: 1981-1986 | Language: English | Print Resource
~ Available at the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago - T223.C2C371
~ Thousands of government-owned patents are listed.
~ Abstracts & illustrations included in most cases.

Current Patent Legal Status - IFI CLAIMS Patent Services
US - Legal Status| Subscription Required| Dates: 1980+| Language: English| Size: 850,000+
~Available via Dialog: library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0123.html~Contains post-issuance legal status information for US patents.
~Coverage includes: certificates of correction, reassignment, reexamination requests & certificates, extensions, expirations, reinstatements, reissue requests, adverse decisions on interference actions, & disclaimer/ dedication data.

Highlights in Patent Activity, United States. Patent & Trademark Office, [Washington, DC?] : US Dept. of Commerce, [1992]
US - General|In Library | Dates: Unclear | Language: English | Print Resource
~ Available at the Regenstein Library, University of Chicago - XXKF3096.U56 1992
~ Subjects: US-- statistical data.

United States Patents, 1790-1870: new uses for old ideas
Peter C. Welsh, Washington : Museum of History & Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 1964
US - General|In Library | Dates: 1790-1870 | Language: English | Print Resource
~ Available at the D'Angelo Law Library, University of Chicago - KB6437.W22U5 1965
~ Subjects: Patents --U.S.--Hist., Inventions --Hist., US --Hist.--Sources.

CANADA

Canadian Patent Database - Canadian Intellectual Property Office
Canada |Free Access | Dates: 1920+ | Language: English & French | Size: 1.4 million
~ A tutorial on how to use this database is provided: "Guided Tour".
~ Searching options include: By patent number, inventor, title, owner, date, abstract & keywords.
~ Requires PDF for viewing patents.

Canadian Patent Office record & register of copyrights & trade marks - Canada. Patent Office, Ottawa.
Canada |In Library| Dates 1878-1925 | Language: English | Print Resource
~ Available Harper Library storage, University of Chicago - T226.A2 (Scattered holdings)
~ Monthly, Weekly
~ Subjects: Patents --Canada.

Patscan - University of British Columbia
Canada |Fee Based Service| Dates: 1981+ | Language: English & French | Size: 200,000+
~ Fee based patent search & consulting service located in the University of BC Library.
~ Results can be delivered: FAX, courier, or by e-mail anywhere in the world in a week.
~ Provide patentability, state of the art, & infringement searches.
~ Patscan can conduct worldwide searches accessing EPO & USPTO & other worldwide resources.
~ Can also find new technologies, hybrid innovations, unusual applications & engineering solutions, covering the areas of Biotechnology, Chemistry, Mechanics, Electronics, Optics & Computer technology.

Inventions & official secrecy : a history of secret patents in the United Kingdom
T.H. O'Dell, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1994.
UK |In Library| Dates: Unclear | Language: English | Print Resource
~ Available at the Regenstein Library, University of Chicago - XXKD1371.O340 1994
~ Subjects: Patents --Great Britain--History, Official secrets --Great Britain--History.
~ Includes the Secret Patents Act of 1859 & The Secrets of Two Technical Revolutions.

The patent system & inventive activity during the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1852
H.I. Dutton, Manchester [Greater Manchester] ; Dover, N.H. : Manchester University Press, c1984.
UK |In Library | Dates: 1750-1852 | Language: English | Print Resource
~ Available at the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago - T257.P2D870 1984
~ Subjects: Patents --Great Britain--History, Inventions --Great Britain--History.

DPMApatentblatt - Bundesdruckerei & the German Patent & Trademark Office
Germany | Fee-Based Service or Guest Login| Dates: 1997+ | Language: German | Size: Not Stated
~ This is the official German patent bulletin on the Internet.
~ Patent information is updated weekly.
~ Guest login available.
~ Web site is in German & English

French Patent Office - Institut National de la Propriete Industrielle
Worldwide | Free Access| Dates: Unclear | Language: Varies, Interface in French only| Size: 30 million+
~ Web site is in French only.
~ Linked with the European Patent Office.

Dictionnaire des brevets groupant en 3000 catégories tous les brevets délivrés en Belgique de 1830 à 1907 Jacques Gevers & cie .. Anvers, Impr. Laporte & Dosse, 1907
Belgium| In Library | 1830-1907| Language: Unclear | Print Resource
~ Available at the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago - 608.493 Q700, 1830-1907
~ Subjects: Patents --Belgium.

Japan Patent Information Organization (page written in Japanese)
Japan|Fee-based Service | Abstracts 1971+, Full-Text 1993+| Language: Japanese, PATOLIS-e abstracts in English | Size: 90 million+
~ Web site is in Japanese.
~ This service provides abstracts only, however, full-text of unexamined patent publications (in Japanese. KOKAI) from1993 & registered patent (in Japanese. TOROKU) from 1996 are displayed.
~ Dialog service access to JAPIO database information

Chinese Patent Abstracts in English - People's Republic of China & INPADOC (European Patent Office)
China|Fee-based Access | Format: Database/Web| 1985+| Language: English | Size: 130,000 +
~ Available via the EPO "Worldwide" database: (see above)
~ Access also provided by Dialog: library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0344.html
~ Patentable technologies in the People's Republic of China are included.
~ Records contain the bibliographic information as well as English-language titles & abstracts.
~ Updated biweekly.
~ Or via the State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China (SIPO) site: www.cpo.cn.net/

Patent Offices around the World - Chan Roberts Law Firm

List of "at cost" Patents Providers - Yahoo!

Patent Searching on the Web - Philip Boxell, Franklin Pierce Law Center
~"Patent Searching Sites on the Web" & "Patent Database Producer & Vendor Home Pages".
~ Includes foreign searching agencies.

Agriculture | Biotechnology | Chemistry | Drugs | Petroleum Processing & the Petrochemical Industries |
Physics, Electronics & Computing

Agriculture

Agricola (Agriculture Online Access) - Community of Science
US - Agriculture |University of Chicago has a subscription | 1979+ | Language: English| Size: Unclear
~ This is an excellent database for searching plant patents in the US.
~ Complied by the National Agricultural Library of the US Department of Agriculture.
~ Searching patents: Select "advanced" searching. Search for "patent" in the "source" field. Include your search terms in the other fields. Your results will only include patents.
~ To find the patent number: look at the record. The patent number will be located beside the "Plant patent - United States & Trademark Office" statement. Plant patents will consist of four digits.
~ For a full-text copy of this patent: go to the US Patent & Trademark Office. Conduct a search using "Patent Number". You must type "PP" before the patent number i.e. pp8091.

SciFinder Scholar - Chemical Abstracts
University of Chicago has a subscription | Specifically for Chemical literature & data
~ SciFinder Scholar may be searched 24 hrs/day by University of Chicago faculty, staff & students.
~ It is designed as an academic research tool for searching the chemical literature & data.
~ The CAplus File includes patents.
~ Downloading instructions & further information/help are available.
~ Older volumes are available from 1907+ in the Chemistry Library Reference Collection at QD1.A48.
~ From 1907-1995 is available in the Crerar Library Reference Collection at QD1.A48.
~ Subscription prices can be found on SciFinder Scholar web site located at:
     www.cas.org/SCIFINDER/SCHOLAR/

Patent Fast-Alert - Current Drugs Ltd .
Europe, US, Japan | Subscription Required - Free trail available| Dates: Unclear| Language: Unclear| Size: Unclear
~ Free sample & trail is available.
~ Coverage: novel compounds claimed for a therapeutic use, or new indications for known compounds, novel processes for preparation of therapeutically useful compounds or their intermediates, biotechnology patents covering new molecular cell biology methods & discoveries, formulation patents for specifically named drugs.
~ Weekly therapeutic patent monitoring service for researchers & R groups.
~ Covers the EPO, United States Patent & Trademark Office, British Patents, Japanese Patents.

American Petroleum Institute Patent Abstracts (APIPAT) - American Petroleum Institute, API Encompass
Worldwide | Subscription Required| Dates: 1964+| Language: Unclear| Size: 308,000+
~ APIPAT is only accessible to organizations which subscribe to API Encompass
~ APIPAT can be accessed via Dialog: library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0353.html.
~ For information contact: info@apiencompass.org or 212-366-404 or 212-206-2280.
~ Names of inventors are not included, only assignee names.
~ Worldwide coverage from 1982+ (including EPO & WIPO).
~ Prior to 1982 coverage included US, Belgium, Canada, France, West Germany, UK, Holland, Japan, & South Africa exclusively.
~ The database is based on the Derwent services European Patent Report & Chemical Patents Index & on Chemical Abstracts, in addition further GB & US patents are used. The abstract is taken from the Derwent services.

Inspec - Institute of Electrical Engineers
US + UK | University of Chicago has a subscription| Dates: Pre-1977 only| Language: English| Size: Unclear
~ This database focuses specifically on fields within physics, electronics & computing.
~ Can search by name of the inventor, application number, country of application, date filed, & patent assignee.
~ Searching for patents: Select "Search Fields". From the list of fields select "Publication Type" & search for "patent". Enter your other search terms once the publication type search has been conducted. Combine your two searches so that you are looking for your specific keywords but only within "patents".
~ Another method of searching: Select "Search Fields". Select "Patent Information" & enter keywords related to assignee, country, patent number or date submitted.
~ For a full-text copy of this patent: go to the US Patent & Trademark Office. Conduct a search using "Patent Number". You must type "PP" before the patent number i.e. pp8091.

Full-text, print copies of patents are NOT available at the University of Chicago. However, faculty, staff & students of the University can use SciFinder Scholar (a desktop research tool for accessing information in Chemical Abstracts databases) to search for patents or any of the resources listed above. Once you have located the patent you are interested in, then you need to locate a print or electronic copy. You have three options:

1. Search the web for full-text electronic copies of patents (see above )
2. Contact or visit the nearest "Patent Depository Library" (see below)
3. Contact a commercial patent provider (patents at a cost) (see below)

The Harold Washington Library (Chicago Public Library), located on 400 S. State street in Chicago, is an official Patent Depository library (federal)."The Chicago Public Library is one of over 80 Patent & Trademark Depository Libraries in the United States. The collection consists of all utility patents from 1790 to those issued as recently as four weeks ago, complete design patents from 1843 to those issued about 4 months ago, & plant patents from 1932 to those issued as recently as 6-8 weeks ago. Together, they total well over 6 million documents. Copies of these patents, with the indexes & other publications used for searching them, are available in the Business/Science/Technology Division of the Central Library".

"The Computer-Assisted Reference Center (CARC) can access numerous online databases for US & foreign patents. The full text of patents is available on some databases. Searches are done for a fee by appointment. A search may be booked in person or by telephone. Search results may be mailed, faxed, or picked up in person. Fees may be paid in cash, by check, money order, or credit card, or through an account. For further information, call (312)747-4470".

The Illinois State Library "became a United States Patent & Trademark Depository Library in January 1984. As one of only two patent libraries in the state, the library supports Illinois' economic development efforts by providing individuals & businesses with current & accessible information. The patent & trademark materials available at the Illinois State Library provide technical information that frequently cannot be found elsewhere"

"Patent searching is time consuming, & preliminary searches may take several hours. For this reason, individuals should discuss their research needs with a depository staff member. Appointments can be made for training or discussion of research needs by calling (217)782-5659".

Locate a patent depository library in your area (US only) via the Patent & Trademark Depository Library Program. or:
     Patent & Trademark Depository Library Program
     United States Patent & Trademark Office
     Crystal Park 3, Suite 461
     Washington, DC 20231
     Fax: 703 306-2662

Contact the US Patent & Trademark Office at:
     General Information Services Division
     US Patent & Trademark Office
     Crystal Plaza 3, Room 2C02
     Washington, DC 20231
     800-786-9199 or 703-308-4357
     usptoinfo@uspto.gov

Commercial Patent Providers (at a cost) include companies such as MicroPatent. MicroPatent can deliver patents electronically.

Significant Historical Patents of the United States - Jim Bieberich, Patent Historian

The National Inventors Hall of Fame! - Inventure Place

Mothers & daughters of invention : notes for a revised history of technology
Autumn Stanley, Metuchen, N.J. : Scarecrow Press, 1993.
~ Available at the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago - T36.S730 1993
~ Subjects: Women in technology --History; Women inventors --History.
~ Covers from the 1800's onward.
~ Includes topics such as medical apparatus patentees, stoves & related cooking inventions patented by women in the 19th century, Miscellaneous Agricultural Inventions, Women Patentees of Dish washing Tools & Machines & more.

Patent Applications: Understanding the Process - USLaw.com Library

A Guide to Patent Applications - Francis E. LeVert, New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1993
~ Available at the D'Angelo Law Library, University of Chicago, XXKF3120.Z9L480 1993
~ Subjects: United States--Patent laws & legislation

The European Patent System - Gerald Paterson, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2000
~ This book is available at the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago.
~ Subjects: Patent laws & legislation - Europe.

Protection of intellectual property in Central & Eastern European countries : the legal situation in Bulgaria, CSFR, Hungary, Poland & Romania - Adolf Dietz, Paris, France : Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development ; Washington, DC : OECD Publications & Information Centre [distributor], c1995
~ Available at the John Crerar Library, University of Chicago - 608.493 Q700, 1830-1907

Patents in imperial Russia : a history of the Russian institution of invention privileges under the old regime, Anneli Aer, Helsinki : Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1995
~ Available at the D'Angelo Law Library, University of Chicago - XXKLA1194.A464 1995
~ Subjects: Patent laws & legislation --Russia--History, Patents --Russia--History.

General patent information| Kinds of patents |Lifetime of a patent|How to find a patent
Where to find Patents| Historical or significant patents| How to patent something
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B.Kern, Crerar, 2001