CASE 1 Early books on Judaism
1. Leone Modena (1571-1648). Kerk-zeeden, ende gewoonten. Amsterdam: Andries van Damme, 1725.
Leone Modena was a Venetian Jew whose description of Jewish customs was published in Italian as Historia de' riti Hebraici in 1638 This Dutch translation first appeared in 1683 with illustrations by Jan Luyken, including this scene of a circumcision. Luyken was a Mennonite whose illustrations revealed his keen eye for observation. In addition to this work, his depictions of Jewish customs also appeared in the 1702 edition of Johann Buxtof's Schoole der Juden in the next case.
2. Johann Bodenschatz (1717-1797). Kirchliche Verfassung der heutigen Juden sonderlich derer in Deutschland. Frankfurt: Auf Kosten des Auctoris, 1748-1749.
3. Antonius Margartha. Der gantze jüdische Glaube. [Augsburg: Heinrich Steyner], 1530.
The scene of tashlikh from Pfefferkorn's work at left was copied in Margartha's book shown here. Men and women stand on two separate bridges as they cast their bread into the river. The division of the sexes appears in the scene of the synagogue interior on the left-hand page as well. The women and children can be seen in the lower corner, separated from the men by a screen.
4. Johannes Leusden (1624-1699). Philologus Hebraeus, in quo pleraeque quaestiones generales philologico-Hebraicæ. Utrecht: Apud Meinardum à Dreunen, 1657.
The calendar shaped the organization of almost every early work on Jewish customs. Leusden includes a tabular representation of the Jewish calendar in this work.
5. Johannes Leusden (1624-1699). Philologus Hebraeo-mixtus. Utrecht: Ex officinâ Francisci Halma, 1682. Editio secunda, emendata & figuris aeneis ornata.
These illustrations first appeared in the second edition of Leusden's text. Clockwise from top left: phylactery or tefillin, small leather boxes containing strips of parchment inscribed with scriptural quotations worn by Jewish men during morning worship; the Book of Esther and the mezuzah, a piece of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, typically stored in a case and affixed to the doorway of a Jewish household; holding up the Torah; and blowing the shofar.
6. Johannes Pfefferkorn (1469-1522 or 23). Ich heiss ain Büchlein der Iuden peicht. Augsburg: Hannsen Forschauer, 1508.
The woodcut illustrations in Pfefferkorn's work are the earliest prints depicting Jewish customs and ceremonies. This scene shows tashlikh, the ceremonial casting away of sins by throwing a piece of bread into a moving body of water, which is traditionally performed on the afternoon of Rosh Hashanah. Additional representations of this ceremony appear in the High Holidays section.
CASE 2 Johannes Buxtorf
1. Johann Buxtorf (1564-1629). Schoole der Juden. Leiden: Daniel van den Dalen en Hendrik van Damme, 1702.
The Dutch edition of Buxtorf's work included four prints by Jan Luyken, who also illustrated Leone Modena's work shown in the previous case. The print on the left, "Feest Houdinge der Joden" represents the Passover seder and the one on the right shows the "Ceremonien van't Lesen der Wet" or "Raising the Law." The Sondheim collection also includes several versions of Bernard Picard's print of this latter ritual, which are on display in the Bernard Picart section.
2. Johann Buxtorf (1564-1629). Synagoga Judaica, Noviter Restaurata. Frankfurt: Johann Paul Kraussen, 1728.
3. Johann Buxtorf (1564-1629). Synagoga Judaica, Noviter Restaurata. Frankfurt: Johann Paul Kraussen, 1738.
4. Johann Buxtorf (1564-1629). Synagoga Judaica. Basel: Johan. Jacobum Deckerum, 1661. Tertia hac editione, de novo restaurata, & innumeris accessionibus in ampliorem & augustiorem formam redacta.
The frontispiece of this edition is the only illustration in the book. The top scene shows the interior of a school, while the bottom is a circumcision. The frequent inclusion of circumcision scenes in early works on Judaism suggests an interest among Christian readers in those rituals which most distinguished adherents of the two faiths.
CASE 3 Paul Christian Kirchner
1. Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath, 1730.
The number of editions in the Sondheim collection of Kirchner's book attest to the popularity and diffusion of this work. In this copy, the illustrations added to his edition by Sebastian Jugendres have been hand-colored at a later date. Shown here is the scene of the circumcision.
2. Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath, 1724.
Sebastian Jugendres' extensively annotated version of Kirchner's text was accompanied by detailed prints, including this circumcision scene.
3. Ceremonien in kinds- nöthen und kindbett (Childbirth). Engraving. [In: Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath, 1724?].
This illustration, one of those produced for Sebastian Jugendres' 1724 edition of Kirchner's text, shows a woman in childbirth. In the top panel the woman in labor sits in a birthing chair surrounded by women while the men, including the father-to-be (labeled "a"), wait outside. In the bottom panel the new mother continues to have women in attendance while the men hold a celebratory feast.
4. Die Beschneidung (Circumcision). Engraving. [In: Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath, 1724?].
This illustration, one of those produced for Sebastian Jugendres' 1724 edition of Kirchner's text, shows depicts a circumcision. The composition of a number of the plates in this series owe an evident debt to the prints by Jan Luyken for Johann Buxtorf's Schoole der Juden.
5. Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Frankfurt: Joh. Philipp Gerhard, 1720.
This early, unillustrated edition of Kirchner's work predates Jugendres' annotated edition. This chapter describes the rituals surrounding childbirth that are depicted in the print shown at left.
CASE 4 Bernard Picart
1. The Ceremonies and Religious Customs of the Various Nations of the Known World. London : Printed by W. Jackson, for Claude Du Bosc, 1733-1739. Vol. 1.
2. Bernard Picart (1673-1733). La Rachat du premier né (Redemption of the First-Born Male). Engraving, 1722
3. Bernard Picart (1673-1733). The Jewish Manner of Holding Up the Law in the Sight of the People at Duke's Place, London. Hand-colored engraving by Scott. (London: Alexander Hogg, ca. 1730).
4. Postcard reproductions of illustrations of Jewish customs by Bernard Picart (1673-1733). Left to right: Sukkoth (Feast of the Tabernacle), 1723; Hagba (The Raising of the Law), 1724; Chomets battelen (Search for the Leavened Bread Before Passover), 1725 (Amsterdam: Jewish Historical Museum, 1974).
CASE 5 The Sabbath
1. Jakob Steinhardt (1887-1968). Sabbatausgang. Signed etching, dated 1921. Behrens 130.
2. Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (1799-1882). Sabbath-Ruhe auf der Gasse. In: Oppenheim. Bilder aus dem altjüdischen Familien-Leben / photographirt von J. Schaefer. Frankfurt am Main: Heinrich Keller, [18--?]
3. Ceremonies des juifs le jour du Sabbath. Engraving [in: Augustin Calmet (1672-1757). Dictionnaire historique, critique, chronologique, geographique et litteral de la Bible. Nouvelle edition. Paris, 1730. Vol.3?]
4. Isaac Snowman (1874-1947). Ushering in the Jewish Sabbath. In: The Illustrated London News, April 9, 1898.
5. The Home and the Synagogue of the Modern Jew. London: Religious Tract Society, [n.d.]
6. Minhagim. Amsterdam: Yitshak di Kordovah, [1723].
CASE 6 The High Holidays
1. Jahres-Panorama (Max Victor, ca.1880). A New Year's greeting in the form of a booklet containing eleven scenes of Jewish customs.
2. Jewish New Year's greeting cards. Chromolithographs. Printed in Germany, 19--? Left to right: Blessing the child on the Sabbath prior to dinner, Putting on tefillin (boxes containing copies of biblical verses in which their use is commanded)
3. Jewish New Year's postcards depicting scenes from the High Holidays, ca. 1870-19--? Clockwise from middle: Le-shanah tovah tikhatevu ("May you be written [in the Book of Life] for a good year"), Herzlïchen Gluckwunsh zum NewenJahre, Taschlich, Das Schofarblasen, Kol Nidre vor Metz, 1870.
4. Sefer ha-minhagim, 'al seder ma'aseh Beresit. Amsterdam: Gerard Yohan Yanson, [1775].
5. The Jews in London: New Year's Day; Waiting for "Shofar;" and The Day of Atonement, Reading the Law. In: The Pictorial World, Oct. 3, 1874.
6. Bernard Picart (1673-1733). [Yom Kippur. Engraving, ca. 1780.]
7. Theodor Breidwiser (1847-1930). Der "Taschlich" am jüdischen Neujahrstage. Wood engraving, 18--?
CASE 7 Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot)
1. Bernard Picart (1673-1733). [Dinner in the sukkah. Engraving, ca. 1730.]
2. Jüdisches Laubhüttenfest. Fürth: VKA-Kabon-Verlag, [n.d.].
3. The Feast of Tabernacles at the North London Synagogue, the Reader Taking the Palm Branch. In: The Graphic, Nov. 2, 1872.
4. Das Lauberhütten fest. Reproduced from: Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath, 1724.
5. P. Wagenaar. Gezicht der Portugeesche en Hoogduitsche Jooden - Synagogen, nevens het feest der Loofhutten te Amsterdam. Engraving by C. Philips Jacobs, ca. 1782. [In:
William Hurd. Universal History of the Religious Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs of the Whole World?]
6. Moritz Oppenheim (1800-1882). Am Laubhüttenfest. Wood engraving after a painting by Oppenheim, ca. 1875.
CASE 8 Passover
Preparations and Matzoh
1. Haggadah shel Pesach = the Institution of Passover. [Poona : Prepared and published by Jacob Talkar and Aaron David Talkar, at Vital Skharam Agnihorty's Press, 1874].
2. Das küchen bachen. Reproduced from: Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath, 1724.
3. David-Léon Cahun (1841-1900). La vie juive. Paris: Ed. Monnie, de Brunhoff, 1886.
4. General View of Preparing and Baking Matzoth, the Unleavened Bread for the Passover. In: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, April 10, 1858.
5. Haggadah shel Pesach = Die Pessach-Haggadah. Vienna : Jos. Schlesinger, 1928. 2. verb. Aufl.
CASE 9 Passover
Seder
1. Haggadat Bene Yisrael ha-rishonah Bombey 606 = The original Haggadah of the Bene Israel Bombay 1846. [Jerusalem : Hotsaat Hag, 1981].
2. Seder Haggadah shel Pesach im pitaron be-lashon Sefaradi. Livorno: Shelomoh Belforte, [1904?].
3. Das Oster-fest. Reproduced from: Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath, 1724.
4. Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (1799-1882). Oster-Abend. In: Oppenheim. Bilder aus dem altjüdischen Familien-Leben / photographirt von J. Schaefer. Frankfurt am Main: Heinrich Keller, [18--?]
5. Gerard Hoet (1648-1733). The Israelites Eat the Passover. Engraving, ca. 1728. [In: Figures de la Bible. La Haye: P. de Hondt, 1728?]
6. The Jewish Passover. Engraving, ca. 1732. [In: Augustin Calmet (1672-1757). An Historical, Critical, Geographical, Chronological, and Etymological Dictionary of the Holy Bible. London: J. J. and P. Knapton, 1732)?]
CASE 10 The Haggadot
1. Haggadah shel Pesach: 'im tsiyurim ve-targum Italki = L'Haggada illustrate. Trieste: Colombo Cohen, 1864.
2. Birkat ha-mazon, ke-minhag Ashkenaz u-Polin. Amsterdam: Yitshak bar Ya'akov de-Kordova, [1723].
3. Haggadah shel Pesach = Lamms Pracht Hagadah. Berlin : Verlag von Louis Lamm, 1922.
4. Seder Haggadah shel Pesach = Hagada Gebete für den häuslichen Gottesdienst am ersten und zweiten Abende des Pessachfestes. Prague: Jacob B. Brandeis, 1913.
5. Haggadah shel Pesach, oyfs naye ins Daytshi iberzetst und mit nittslikhe anmerkungn ferzehn. Offenbach: [s.n., 1800].
6. Haggadah shel Pesach, ke-minhag Ashkenazim ukhe-minhag Sefaradim. Amsterdam: Ya'akov Prups, [1781].
CASE 11 Haggadot Facsimile
1. Seder Haggadah shel Pesach, Venetsyah 369 = The Passover Haggadah, Venice 1609. Jerusalem: Makor, 1974.
2. The Barcelona Haggadah. London: Facsimile Editions, 1992.
3. The Ashkenazi Haggadah. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1985.
4. Haggadat Kopenhagen, 489 [z.o. 499] (faksimilah) = Copenhagen Haggadah (facsimile). Tel Aviv: Nahar u-Staimatski, 1986.
CASE 12 The Ben Shahn Haggadah
1. Ben Shahn (1898-1969). Haggadah shel Pesach = Haggadah for Passover. Illustrated by Ben Shahn. Paris: Trianon Press, 1966. No. 218 of 292 copies printed on pure rag Aches Vergé paper.
CASE 13 Study and Worship
1. Imre lev = Prechiere d'un cuore Isrealita. Translated into Italian from Hebrew by Marco Tedeschi. Asti: Fratelli Paglieri, 1852.
2. Iris Fishof. Seder Birkat ha-mazon : le-sova' ve-lo le-razon. [Budapest]: Helikon, 1991. Facsim. ed.
3. Alphonse Lévy (1843-1918). [Rabbi and Student Studying the Weekly Torah Portion, or Parshah] Lithograph, ca. 1903.
4. Alexandre Créhange (1791-1872). La semaine israélite; ou, le Tseenah u-reenah (Tzeéna ouréna) moderne. Paris: Chez M. A. Crehange, 1846. Vol. 1.
5. Miranda, Perez. Die Feier des grossen Versöhnungsfestes der Juden in der Synagoge der Rue Notre-Dame de Nazareth zu Paris. 18--?
6. J. Horowitz. Trauernde Juden am 9. Ab. Nach einem Gemälde. (Jews Mourning on the Ninth of Av.) 1873.
The ninth day of the fifth month of the Jewish calendar (Av) is a day of fasting and mourning. The day commemorates the destruction of the first and second temples.
CASE 14 The Synagogue
1. Bottom: Pugin & Rowlandson. Synagogue, Dukes Place, Houndsditch. Aquatint. (London: R. Ackermann's Repository of Arts, 1809).
2. P. de Katow. Bohème - La vieille synagogue de Prague. ca. 1867.
3. Deroy; Tilly. Die Israeliten von Konstantinopel beten in der Synagoge von Balata für den Sieg der türkischen Armee. ca. 1874.
4. G. P. de Villa Amil Dibujơ. Sinagoga Mayor de Toledo. Lithograph. (Pars: Lemercier, Bernard, ca. 1830.)
This synagogue in Toledo was originally built in the fourteenth century but was converted into the monastery of San Benito in 1494, two years after the Jews were expelled from Spain. This nineteenth-century print shows the large crucifix that was one of the necessary alterations for the building to serve its new function. The edifice never again served as a synagogue but by 1877 became a national museum.
5. Opening of the New Jewish Synagogue, Berlin. In: The Illustrated London News, Sept. 22, 1866.
CASE 15 The Traditional Jewish Wedding
1. Bernard Picart ((1673-1733). Ceremonie nuptiale des Juifs allemands. Engraving, 1722.
2. Jacobus Buys. Huwelyks - Plegtigheid van de Portugeesche Jooden. Engraving by C. Philips Jacobs, ca. 1780. [In: William Hurd Universal History of the Religious Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs of the Whole World?]
3. Accurrate vorstellung einer juden-Hochzeit. Engraving, ca. 1730. [In: Paul Christian Kirchner. Jüdisches Ceremoniel, oder, Beschreibung dererjenigen Gebräuche. Nürnberg: Peter Conrad Monath, 1730?].
4. Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (1799-1882). Die Hochzeit. In: Oppenheim. Bilder aus dem altjüdischen Familien-Leben / photographirt von J. Schaefer. Frankfurt am Main: Heinrich Keller, [18--?]
5. [Johann Benedikt Carpzov (1639-1699). Dissertatio philologico-theologica De chuppa Hebraeorum. S.l.: s.n., 1710?].
CASE 16 The Traditional Jewish Wedding continued
1. Hochzeitfest in einer jüdischen familie zu Oran. 18--?
2. Marriage Ceremonial of the Baron Alphonse de Rothschild and Miss Leonora Rothschild, the Bridegroom Breaking the Wine-cup. In: The Illustrated London News, Supplement, March 14, 1857.
3. Wilhelm August Stryowski (1834-1917). Jüdische Hochzeit in Galizien. G. Heuer & Kirmse, 18--?
4. Cérémonies de mariage chez les Hébreux. Engraving, ca. 1730.
5. Reproduction from The Home and the Synagogue of the Modern Jew. London: Religious Tract Society, [n.d.].
CASE 17 Scenes of Daily Life
1. Leopold Sacher-Masoch (1835-1895). Jüdisches Leben in Wort und Bild. Mannheim: J. Bensheimer, 1891.
2. B. Baruch. Expulsion of Jews from St. Petersburg, Scene at the Baltic Railway Station. In: The Illustrated London News, June 20, 1891.
3. Football in the Jews' Market, St. Petersburg. In: The Illustrated London News, April 18, 1874.
4. Paul Frenzeny. The Supply of Kosher (Clean) Meat, the Officials of the Synagogue Sealing Up the Food of "Observing" Jews. In: The Illustrated London News, Aug. 8, 1903.
5. Ernestine Friedrichsen (1824-1892). Vorbereitung zum Schabbes im Judenbeiertel zu Amsterdam. 1872.
6. Souvenir card depicting Jews entering the United States and being welcomed by Lady Liberty. Chromolithograph, 1909.
CASE 18 Images of Jews at Work
1a. Raphael R. Abramovitch (b. 1880). Di farshvundene velt = The Vanished World. New York: Forward Association, 1947.
1b. Reproductions from: Raphael R. Abramovitch (b. 1880). Di farshvundene velt = The Vanished World. New York: Forward Association, 1947. Left to right: Metal home-worker, Warsaw. (R. Vishniak), Embroiderers of Kozienice, Poland. (A. Kacyzna), Milliner, Warsaw. (R. Vishniak), Jewish Tanners of Strykov "Pulling the hide". (A. Kacyzna)
2. Morris Rosenfeld (1862-1923) and Berthold Feiwel (1875-1937). Lieder des Ghetto. Berlin: Hermann Seemann, [n.d.]. 2. Aufl.
CASE 19 Simon Karczmar
1. Simon Karczmar. Shtetl. Israel: [s.n., n.d.].
CASE 20 Moritz Oppenheim
1. Photograph of Moritz Oppenheim (1800-1882) at his easel, ca. 1850.
2. Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (1799-1882). Tafereelen uit het oud-Joodsche Familieleven naar de oorspronkelijke Schilderstukken. Frankfurt: Heinrich Keller, [n.d.].
3. Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (1799-1882). Bilder aus dem altjüdischen Familienleben. Berlin: Verlag Louis Lamm, [1913].
4. Ruth Dröse. Der Zyklus "Bilder aus dem altjüdischen Familienleben" und sein Maler Moritz Daniel Oppenheim. Hanau : CoCon-Verlag, 1996. 1. Aufl.
5. Moritz Daniel Oppenheim (1799-1882). The Oppenheim Pictures, Depicting Jewish Ceremonial Life. Cincinnati: National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods, 1930.
6. Moritz Oppenheim (1800-1882). Postcards reproducing scenes from Jewish family life. Clockwise from middle: Das Verhőren, Bar Mizwa-Vortrag, Après le repas du Sabbath, Sabbat-Ruhe auf der Gasse, La bénédiction du Rabbin,
CASE 21 Alphonse Lévy
1. Leopold Sacher-Masoch (1835-1895). Contes juifs, récits de famille. Paris: Maison Quantin, 1888.
2. Alphonse Lévy. Scenes familiales juives. Paris: Felix Juven, 1902.
3. Alphonse Lévy (1843-1918). [Shiddukh. (The Engagement.)] Lithograph, ca. 1900.
CASE 22 Ruth et Booz
1. Joseph Charles Mardrus (1868-1949). Ruth et Booz. Paris: Chez F.L. Schmied 1930.
CASE 23 Arthur Szyk
1. Arthur Szyk (1894-1951). Le Statut de Kalisz. Paris: Editions de la Table Ronde, 1927.
2. Arthur Szyk. Jewish Book Month, November 3-December 3, 1950. New York: Jewish Book Council of America, 1950. Chromolithograph poster and card.
3. Megillat Ester / 'im tsiyurim me'et Artur Shik. Paris: [s.n., 1925].
4. Arthur Szyk (1894-1951). The Book of Esther. [S.l.]: Maariv Book Guild & American-Israel Publishing Co., 1974.
5. Julian Tuwim (1894-1953) and Arthur Szyk (1894-1951). Rewolucja w Niemczech. Lódz: Zaklad Wydawniczo-Poligraficzny, [n.d.].
