The University of Chicago Library > The Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center > Finding Aids > Guide to the Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile Records 1973-2009
© 2015 University of Chicago Library
Title: | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile Records |
---|---|
Dates: | 1973-2009 |
Size: | 18linear feet (17boxes) |
Repository: |
Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center |
Abstract: | The Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile (CCSLC) was a coalition of individuals and organizations that worked to restore human rights in Chile following the 1973 military coup. The CCSLC held rallies, conferences, and educational events to raise awareness of problems in Chile. In 1979, members of the Committee created the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center to promote Chilean and Latino cultural activities in Chicago and to develop and foster Latino and Latin American literature, visual and performing arts in the United States. For these purposes, the Center initiated and coordinated programs such as music concerts, conferences, and exhibits of artists and organizations in Chicago. |
The collection is open for research.
When quoting material from this collection, the preferred citation is: Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile Records, [Box #, Folder #], Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library
The Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile (CCSLC) was a coalition of individuals and organizations that worked to restore human rights in Chile. Formed in October of 1973, as a response to the military coup in Chile, this Committee sought to influence public opinion against the dictatorship through educational events, symposiums, campaigns, and its newsletter, For a Free Chile. It sought to stop all funding to the Junta provided by private bank loans, and U.S. military and economic aid. It also promoted a boycott of Chilean products until human rights abuses would stop and democracy was restored.
A few months after the military coup, the Committee invited Hortensia Allende, the widow of President Salvador Allende, to speak at DePaul University. On December 16, 1973, Hortensia Allende denounced the CIA’s involvement in the military overthrow of Chile before a crowd of about 3,500 people. Two months later, Doris Strieter, the chair of the Committee, visited Santiago, Chile, for a week along with a group composed of professors, trade unionists, students, and clergy. In February of 1974, the Chicago Commission of Inquiry, as it was called, reported the military Junta’s campaign of terror, cases of politically motivated detention, and use of torture in Chile. This commission’s findings can be found in the publications included in this collection.
In the following years, the Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile hosted numerous conferences, rallies, and events regarding Chile and human rights abuses until the early 1980s. Professor John Coatsworth, then at the University of Chicago, served as the co-chair of the Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile from 1979 to 1982. He hosted a few events for the Committee in his Hyde Park home. Later, Coatsworth would also serve as the vice-president for the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center and the Board of Advisors. Doris Strieter also served in the Board of Advisors for the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center.
A few members of the Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, who had organized artistic events, created the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center (PNCC) in 1979. Named after the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda it sought to promote Latin American and Latino cultural activities. The Center organized concerts, poetry readings, film showings, and lectures to broaden the development of contemporary Latino art and culture in Chicago and the United States. In 1981, the PNCC was incorporated into the State of Illinois and obtained a nonprofit status two years later. A political exile of Chile and vice chair of the CCSLC, Nery Barrientos became the President of PNCC and held that position until 1984. The PNCC planned numerous events and concerts throughout the year with groups such as Quilapayún, Tito Fernández, Mercedes Sosa,Inti-Illimani, Congreso, as well as other musicians. These musicians were part of the Nuevá Cancion Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement and genre that incorporated political lyrics with traditional Andean instruments to advocate social change. From 1986 to 1991, under the leadership of Rodrigo del Canto, who worked for the City of Chicago, the PNCC expanded its budget by applying to grants from the city and other organizations.
The Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile Records include organizational records, newspapers and clippings, publications, photographs, and promotional material for cultural programming, dating from 1973 to 1992. The materials in the collection encompass three continents: North America, South America, and Europe with materials in several languages including French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. The records document a vast network of organizations, activists, and artists that responded to the political situation in Chile following the military coup in 1973. As the following materials prove, the Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile was one of various organizations that mobilized support for Chilean exiles and public opinion against the Junta.
The collection is organized into five series.
Series I, Organizational Records, is divided into two subseries. The first subseries, Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, contains meeting minutes, financial and event planning documents, and correspondence from religious, community, and labor organizations from 1973 to 1983. The second subseries, Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, contains meeting minutes, financial documents, grant applications, and planning event notes from 1981 to 1992.
Series II, News Clippings and Newsletters, contains clippings of articles about Chile and about the activities of the Committee and Cultural Center. It also includes the newsletter produced by the Committee, For a Free Chile, and newsletters from similar organizations across the United States and Europe.
Series III, Articles, Statements, and Publications, is divided into three subseries. Subseries 1, Articles, contains documents that were written regarding Chile, human rights, and music from 1971 to 2009. Subseries 2 contains statements by religious organizations, scholars, labor unions, the City of Chicago, and United Nations regarding Chile from 1975 to 1986. Subseries 3, Publications, contains books, booklets, and pamphlets regarding human rights, the military Junta, and academic freedom in Chile from 1973 to 1986.
Series IV, Events, contains flyers, conference programs, and planning notes for events, particularly conferences and concerts from 1973 to 1992.
Series V, Buttons, Photographs, and Posters, contains materials promoting and documenting events between 1973 and 1991. It is divided into three subseries.
The first subseries, Buttons, contains five buttons from the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center.
The second subseries, Photographs, contains forty photos and two negative strips. There are twenty-five photos from protests in the streets of Chile; one from September 11, 1973; seven photos of the Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile. It also includes seven photos from the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center: one from the Velada Cultural in 1982; a photo of Inti-Illimani; a photo of the Quilapayún concert in 1979; and a photo of an event hosted in honor of Eduardo Galeano in 1988.
The third subseries, Posters, contains twenty one posters from 1974 to 1991. These posters are largely from rallies, music events, or conferences and they are organized by size and date.
Series I: Organizational Records |
Subseries 1: Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile |
Box 1 Folder 1 | By-Laws of the Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1973 |
Box 1 Folder 2 | Directory of Community Organizations in Chicago, 1982-1983 |
Box 1 Folder 3 | Labor Union Newspaper Contacts, undated |
Box 1 Folder 4 | Non-Intervention in Chile (NICH) Committee Contacts, c. 1973 |
Box 1 Folder 5 | Pamphlets and Mailings, 1973-1983 |
Box 1 Folder 6 | Religious Contacts, 1978 |
Box 1 Folder 7 | Teaching Resources: Films and Slide Notes, c. 1974 |
Box 1 Folder 8 | Stationary, 1973-1983 |
Box 1 Folder 9 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1973 |
Box 1 Folder 10 | Chicago Commission of Inquiry, 1973-1974 |
Box 1 Folder 11 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1974 |
Box 1 Folder 12 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1975 |
Box 1 Folder 13 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1976 |
Box 1 Folder 14 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1977 |
Box 1 Folder 15 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1978 |
Box 1 Folder 16 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1979 |
Box 1 Folder 17 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1980 |
Box 2 Folder 1 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1981 |
Box 2 Folder 2 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1981 |
Box 2 Folder 3 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1982 |
Box 2 Folder 4 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1983 |
Subseries 2: Pablo Neruda Cultural Center |
Box 2 Folder 5 | By-Laws of the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1982 |
Box 2 Folder 6 | Press Brief about the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, undated |
Box 2 Folder 7 | Contacts, 1982-1992 |
Box 2 Folder 8 | Pamphlets, 1982-1992 |
Box 2 Folder 9 | Press Releases, 1983-1985 |
Box 2 Folder 10 | Stationary of the Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1982-1992 |
Box 2 Folder 11 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1981 |
Box 3 Folder 1 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1982 |
Box 3 Folder 2 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1983 |
Box 3 Folder 3 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1984 |
Box 3 Folder 4 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1985 |
Box 3 Folder 5 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, January to July of 1986 |
Box 4 Folder 1 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, August to December of 1986 |
Box 4 Folder 2 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, January to July of 1987 |
Box 4 Folder 3 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, August to December of 1987 |
Box 4 Folder 4 | CityArts Grant, City of Chicago, 1987 |
Box 4 Folder 5 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1988 |
Box 4 Folder 6 | CityArts Grant, City of Chicago, 1988 |
Box 5 Folder 1 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center 1989 |
Box 5 Folder 2 | CityArts Grant, City of Chicago, 1989 |
Box 5 Folder 3 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center 1990 |
Box 5 Folder 4 | CityArts Grant, City of Chicago, 1990 |
Box 5 Folder 5 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center 1991 |
Box 5 Folder 6 | CityArts Grant, City of Chicago, 1991 |
Box 6 Folder 1 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1992 |
Box 6 Folder 2 | CityArts Grant, 1992 |
Box 6 Folder 3 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, undated |
Series II: News Clippings and Newsletters |
Subseries 1: News Clippings |
Box 6 Folder 4 | News Clippings, 1973-1974 |
Box 6 Folder 5 | News Clippings, 1975-1977 |
Box 6 Folder 6 | News Clippings, 1978 |
Box 6 Folder 7 | News Clippings, 1979-1980 |
Box 6 Folder 8 | News Clippings, 1981 |
Box 6 Folder 9 | News Clippings, 1981 |
Box 6 Folder 10 | News Clippings, 1982-1983 |
Box 7 Folder 1 | News Clippings, 1985-1986 |
Box 7 Folder 2 | News Clippings, undated |
Box 7 Folder 3 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center News Clippings, 1981-1989 |
Subseries 2: Newsletters |
Box 7 Folder 4 | Chile Democratico, Chicago, 1978 |
Box 7 Folder 5 | Chile Democrático, Madrid, Spain, 1978 |
Box 7 Folder 6 | Chile Democratico, Boletin, New York, 1977 |
Box 7 Folder 7 | Chile Democratico, Boletin, New York, 1982-1983 |
Box 7 Folder 8 | Chile Informa, Cleveland, Ohio, 1980 |
Box 7 Folder 9 | The Chile Monitor, London, 1974-1975 |
Box 7 Folder 10 | Chile Newsletter, Berkeley, California, 1973-1978 |
Box 7 Folder 11 | Chile Panorama, Tucson, Arizona, 1983 |
Box 7 Folder 12 | Chile Solidarity, New York, c. 1973 |
Box 7 Folder 13 | Chile Today, Los Angeles, California, 1974 |
Box 7 Folder 14 | Committee on U.S. Latin American Relations Newsletter (CUSLAR), Ithaca, New York, 1979 |
Box 7 Folder 15 | Chile Va!, New York, undated |
Box 7 Folder 16 | Chilean Freedom, New York, 1981 |
Box 7 Folder 17 | For a Free Chile, Chicago, 1979-1980 |
Box 7 Folder 18 | For a Free Chile, Chicago, 1979-1980 |
Box 7 Folder 19 | For a Free Chile, Chicago, 1981 |
Box 8 Folder 1 | For a Free Chile, Chicago, 1982 |
Box 8 Folder 2 | For a Free Chile, Chicago, 1983 |
Box 8 Folder 3 | For a Free Chile, Chicago, undated |
Box 8 Folder 4 | For a Free Chile, Kansas City, Missouri, 1978-1982 |
Box 8 Folder 5 | For a Free Chile, Kansas City, Missouri, 1981 |
Box 8 Folder 6 | Free Chile Bulletin, Eugene, Oregon, c. 1979 |
Box 8 Folder 7 | Hope in Chile, San Francisco, California, 1981-1982 |
Box 8 Folder 8 | Solidarity with the Unions of Chile, New York, 1973-1977 |
Box 8 Folder 9 | Tucson Chile Solidarity Committee, undated |
Series III: Articles, Statements, and Publications |
Subseries 1: Articles |
Box 8 Folder 10 | Fernando Alegria, "Los invisibles" (The Invisible), c. 1978 |
Box 8 Folder 11 | Allende 10 años después (Allende Ten Years Later), c. 1983 |
Box 8 Folder 12 | Hortensia Bussi de Allende, "Chile and CIA Intervention, 1964-1973," Yale University, April 5, 1975 |
Box 8 Folder 13 | Art in Chile: Margins and Institution, 1987 |
Box 8 Folder 14 | Brief Report on the Political Situation in Chile, c. 1991 |
Box 8 Folder 15 | Brief Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Chile, 1978 |
Box 8 Folder 16 | Cantos/ Songs, undated |
Box 8 Folder 17 | Fidel Castro, "Who has Learned the Most?" Santiago, Chile, December 2, 1971 |
Box 8 Folder 18 | "Chile in the Road of Vietnam," Buenos Aires, Argentina, undated |
Box 8 Folder 19 | "Chile: The Struggle Continues," Chicago, September 7, 1979 |
Box 8 Folder 20 | "Chilean Soldiers Fight in Africa," September 22, 1977 |
Box 8 Folder 21 | Mario Fratti, "Chile 1973," 1973 |
Box 9 Folder 1 | Eduardo Frei, Hotel O’Higgins, August 24, 1979 |
Box 9 Folder 2 | Emergency Committee to Aid Latin American Scholars, undated |
Box 9 Folder 3 | Gabriel García Márquez, "The Death of Salvador Allende," Harper’s Magazine, March 1974 |
Box 9 Folder 4 | Pat Garrett and Adam Schesch, "Chile: The Dream that Bides Time," 1974 |
Box 9 Folder 5 | J. Gonzales, "The Chilean Education System Today," undated |
Box 9 Folder 6 | Robert High, "The Decision to Return," undated |
Box 9 Folder 7 | Inti-Illimani, "Viva Chile," undated |
Box 9 Folder 8 | Victor Jara, undated |
Box 9 Folder 9 | Latino Chicago Theater Company, undated |
Box 9 Folder 10 | Political Prisoners in Chile, undated |
Box 9 Folder 11 | Poor Lose Stock in Chile’s Free Market, undated |
Box 9 Folder 12 | Margaret Power, "The U.S. Movement in Solidarity with Chile in the 1970s," 2009 |
Box 9 Folder 13 | Reagan Strengthens ties with Pinochet, undated |
Box 9 Folder 14 | Teachers Demand Democracy and Better Education, undated |
Box 9 Folder 15 | Trade Unions and Civil War in El Salvador, undated |
Box 9 Folder 16 | "La triste historia de un Yiu-Turn" (The Sad History of a Yiu-Turn), undated |
Box 9 Folder 17 | The United States and Chile, undated |
Subseries 2: Statements |
Box 9 Folder 18 | Bay Area Trade Union Committee for Chile, U.S. and Chilean Worker Solidarity, undated |
Box 9 Folder 19 | Encuentro de Intelectuales por la Soberanía de los Pueblos de Nuestra América, (Meeting of Intellectuals for the Sovereignty of the People of Our America), La Habana, Cuba, 1981 |
Box 9 Folder 20 | Patrick E. Gorman, "The Heart of Chile," Meat Cutters Union, undated |
Box 9 Folder 21 | Alexander Haig, Secretary of State, Letter to Regarding Foreign Assistance to the Pinochet Government, Congress of the United States, House of Representatives, 1982 |
Box 9 Folder 22 | New Labor Law Now in Effect in Chile, undated |
Box 9 Folder 23 | Northern California Ecumenical Council’s Letter to Henry Ford, Regarding the Chilean Auto Industry, 1975 |
Box 9 Folder 24 | Public Statement by Hyde Park Community Leaders, Chilean Products Boycott, c. 1980 |
Box 9 Folder 25 | Resolution Adopted by the City Council of the City of Chicago to Condemn the Pinochet Regime, 1986 |
Box 9 Folder 26 | Resolution 32/118, U.N. General Assembly, Protection of Human Rights in Chile, 1977 |
Box 9 Folder 27 | "Statement of Policy on Chile," International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, 1979 |
Subseries 3: Publications |
Box 9 Folder 28 | An Inquiry into the Literary and Political Climate of Latin America, PEN Freedom to Write Report, 1980 |
Box 9 Folder 29 | Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions in Chile, Finland, 1976 |
Box 9 Folder 30 | Arpilleras Tapestries of Life in Chile, 1980 |
Box 9 Folder 31 | Chile-Nachrichten, Berichte und Anlysen zu Lateinamerika (Chile News, Reports and Analysis of Latin America), West Berlin, 1977 |
Box 9 Folder 32 | Chile: Under Military Rule, edited by Gary MacEoin, IDOC/ International Documentation, New York, 1974 |
Box 10 Folder 1 | Chile: The Allende Years; The Coup; Under the Junta, International Documentation on the Contemporary Church, New York, 1973 |
Box 10 Folder 2 | Colonia Dignidad, Deutsches Mustergut in Chile-ein Foterrlager der Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), Amnesty International, Frankfurt, 1977 |
Box 10 Folder 3 | Confidential Memorandum of the Chilean Foreign Ministry, 1974 |
Box 10 Folder 4 | The Crimes of the Military Junta in Light of Chilean Law and International Law, Berlin, 1974 |
Box 10 Folder 5 | Empresarios por la democracia, Por un desarrollo justo, equitativo, y humano (Entrepreneurs for Democracy, for a Just, Equitable, and Humane), Chile, undated |
Box 10 Folder 6 | Michael Fleet, Academic Freedom and University Autonomy in Chile, Latin American Studies Association, 1977 |
Box 10 Folder 7 | Brian Glick, War at Home: Covert Action against U.S. Activists and What We Can do about it, South End Press, Boston, 1986 |
Box 10 Folder 8 | Isabel Letelier and Michael Moffitt, Human Rights, Economic Aid and Private Banks: The Case of Chile, Institute for Policy Studies Issue Paper, c. 1978 |
Box 10 Folder 9 | Livre Noir des Relations Franco-Chilennes, Comite de Soutien a la Lutte Revolutionnaire du Peuble Chilien (Noir Book of French-Chilean Relations, Support Committee for the Revolutionary Struggle of the Chilean People), Paris, c. 1974 |
Box 10 Folder 10 | Meeting of the Judicial Submission of the International Commission of Enquiry into the Crimes of the Military Junta, Berlin, 1977 |
Box 10 Folder 11 | Registro de los criminales de la junta, primera lista, Comisión Internacional de Investigación de los Crímenes de la Junta Militar en Chile (Registry of the Criminals of the Junta, first list, International Committee of Investigation into the Crimes of the Military Junta in Chile), 1973-1974 |
Box 10 Folder 12 | Report of the Chicago Commission of Inquiry into the Status of Human Rights in Chile, Santiago, Chile, 1974 |
Box 10 Folder 13 | Review of Human Rights in Latin America, United States Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1980 |
Box 10 Folder 14 | Speeches and Writings by and about Orlando Letelier, c. 1976 |
Box 10 Folder 15 | A Tribute to Florence Reece: A Salute to Working Women, 1978 |
Box 10 Folder 16 | U.S. Peace Council, 3rd National Conference, Chicago, 1983 |
Box 10 Folder 17 | Peter Weiss, Human Rights and Vital Needs, Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award Ceremony, Institute for Policy Studies Issue Paper, 1977 |
Series IV: Events |
Subseries 1: Events |
Box 11 Folder 1 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile Flyers, 1973-1983 |
Box 11 Folder 2 | Miscellaneous Event Flyers, 1973-2003 |
Box 11 Folder 3 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center Flyers, 1980-1992 |
Box 11 Folder 4 | Hortensia Allende Tour, 1973-1974 |
Box 11 Folder 5 | Cuba-Chile ’74, A Benefit for Chilean Refugees, Chicago, July 27-28, 1974 |
Box 11 Folder 6 | Latin America: Struggle and Hope; Chile and Beyond, Conference, Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1980 |
Box 11 Folder 7 | From Chile to Central America: Human Rights in Crisis, a Symposium on Democracy in Latin America, Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile, 1982 |
Box 11 Folder 8 | "Missing," Film Benefit with Jack Lemmon and Studs Terkel, Chicago, 1982 |
Box 11 Folder 9 | Velada Cultural, Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1982 |
Box 11 Folder 10 | Arpilleras, at The Peace Museum, Chicago, 1984 |
Box 11 Folder 11 | Velada Cultural, Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, 1989 |
Subseries 2: Music Concerts |
Box 12 Folder 1 | Quilapayún, 1978 |
Box 12 Folder 2 | Quilapayún, 1979 |
Box 12 Folder 3 | Inti-Illimani, 1980 |
Box 12 Folder 4 | Quilapayún, 1980 |
Box 12 Folder 5 | Peña, 1981 |
Box 12 Folder 6 | Peña, 1982 |
Box 12 Folder 7 | Daniel Salinas, 1983 |
Box 12 Folder 8 | Patricio Manns, 1983 |
Box 12 Folder 9 | Peña, 1983 |
Box 13 Folder 1 | Inti-Illimani, 1984 |
Box 13 Folder 2 | Inti-Illimani, Tour Brochures, 1984 |
Box 13 Folder 3 | Isabel Aldunate, 1984 |
Box 13 Folder 4 | Tito Fernández, 1984 |
Box 13 Folder 5 | Inti-Illimani, February to September 1985 |
Box 13 Folder 6 | Inti-Illimani, October to November 1985 |
Box 14 Folder 1 | Illapu, 1986 |
Box 14 Folder 2 | Inti-Illimani, 1986 |
Box 14 Folder 3 | Mercedes Sosa, 1986 |
Box 14 Folder 4 | Quilapayún, 1986 |
Box 14 Folder 5 | Inti-Illimani, 1987 |
Box 14 Folder 6 | Congreso, 1990 |
Box 15 Folder 1 | Inti-Illimani, 1991 |
Box 15 Folder 2 | Inti-Illimani, undated |
Box 15 Folder 3 | Quilapayún, undated |
Box 15 Folder 4 | Inti-Illimani, stationary, 1980-1991 |
Box 15 Folder 5 | Quilapayún, Isabel Parra, El Panyo, 7 inch reel, undated |
Series V: Buttons, Photographs, and Posters |
Subseries 1: Buttons |
Box 15 Folder 6 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center, Buttons, undated |
Subseries 2: Photographs |
Box 15 Folder 7 | Chicago Committee to Save Lives in Chile Photos, 1973-1983 |
Box 15 Folder 8 | Pablo Neruda Cultural Center Photos, 1979-1991 |
Subseries 3: Posters |
Box 16 Folder 1 | Posters, 1975-1984
|
Box 16 Folder 2 | Posters, 1989-1991, undated
|
Box 17 Folder 1 | Posters, 1974, undated
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Box 17 Folder 2 | Posters, 1979-1983, undated
|
Box 17 Folder OVRZ1 | "Demos la pelea por Chile" (Join the Battle for Chile), Los textiles en revista ahora esta semana, producido por Quimantu, una Empresa de los trabajadores (The Textile Magazine this Week, produced by Quimantu, a Company of the Workers), undated |