Unit One

Introductions


1. Hello, My name is ...

Your instructor comes into the classroom, introduces himself / herself, and asks the name of each student.

Marathi text graphic
I :नमस्कार, माझं नाव ...nəməskar, majhə: nav....Hello, My name is ...
तुमचं नाव काय?tumcə: nav kay?What's your name?
S :नमस्कार, माझं नाव ...nəməskar, majhə: nav....Hello, my name is ....

Break up into groups and introduce yourselves. Switch groups so that each of you gets a chance to meet all the others.


Variation

I :नमस्कार, मी ...nəməskar, mi...Hello, I'm ....
तुमचं नाव काय?tumcə: nav kay?What is your name
S :नमस्कार, माझं नाव ...nəməskar, majhə: nav ...Hello, my name is....

Repeat the earlier practice, first using the second pattern (mi... मी ...), then alternating between the two patterns (mi ... मी ... and majhə: nav... माझं नाव ...).


The question tumcə nav kay? तुमचं नाव काय? is in the respectful. Your instructor may prefer to address you in the familiar. In any case, classmates normally use the familiar in addressing each other. The familiar form of the question is tujhə: nav kay? तुझं नाव काय?.


Repeat the exercise above, using the familiar form of the question.


VOCABULARY

Greetings

नमस्कार nəməskar a greeting made with palms together and head slightly inclined

Nouns

नाव, नावं* nav, navə: n. name

Possesive adjectives

माझं majhə: adj. my

तुमचं tumcə: adj. your (resp.)

तुझं tujhə: adj. your (fam.)

Pronouns

मी mi pron. I

Interrogative pronouns

काय kay pron. what

* Throughout this book nouns will be listed in the vocabulary along with the plural form.

2. Namaste, Are You John Greene?

A group of American students is at a reception in Pune, where they are going to meet their host families (their Indian 'parents'). Suresh Bapat is looking for John Greene, the student who will be staying in the Bapat home. He comes up to John.

Marathi text graphic
Mr B :नमस्ते, तुम्ही जॉन ग्रीन का?nəməste, tumhi ǰɔn grin ka?Hello, are you John Greene?
J :हो.ho.Yes.
Mr B :मी बापट आणि ही माझी बायको सुनंदा.mi bapəṭ aṇi hi maǰhi bayko sunənda.I'm Bapat, and this is my wife Sunanda.
J :नमस्कार.nəməskar.Namaskar.
Ms B :नमस्कार.nəməskar.Namaskar.

This time is John who comes up to Mr. Bapat to introduce himself.


J :नमस्कार.nəməskar.Namaskar.
B :नमस्ते.nəməste.Namaste.
J :मी जॉन ग्रीन. तुम्ही बापट का?mi ǰɔn grin. tumhi bapəṭ ka?.I'm John Green. Are you Mr. Bapat?
B :हो, मी बापट आणि ही माझी बायको सुनंदा.ho, mi bapəṭ, aṇi hi maǰhi bayko sunənda.Yes, I'm Bapat, and this is my wife Sunanda.
J :नमस्कार.nəməskar.Namaskar.
Ms.B:नमस्ते.nəməste.Namaste.

Repeat the preceding two conversations substituting Joan for John.


Mrs. Uma Pawar comes up to Debbie Smith.

Ms P :नमस्कार, तुम्ही जेनी फेस का?nəməskar, tumhi ǰeni fes ka?Namaskar, are you Jenny Face?
D :नाही, मी डेबी स्मिथ. ही जेनी.nahi, mi ḍebi smith. hi ǰeni.No, I'm Debbie Smith. This is Jenny.
J :नमस्ते.nəməste.Namaste.
Ms P :नमस्कार, जेनी. मी उमा पवार आणि हे मिस्टर पवार.nəməskar, ǰeni mi uma pəvar ani he misṭər pəvar.Namaskar Jenny. I'm Uma Pawar and this is Mr. Pawar.
J :नमस्ते.nəməste.Namaste.
Mr P :नमस्कार.nəməskar.Namaskar.

Mrs. Pawar comes up to Jenny and Debbie.

Marathi text graphic
Ms P :नमस्कार, तू जेनी फेस का?nəməskar, tu ǰeni fes ka?Namaskar, are you Jenny Face?
J :हो, मी जेनी आणि ही माझी मैत्रीण डेबी स्मिथ.ho, mi ǰeni, aṇi hi maǰhi məitriṇ ḍebi smith.Yes, I'm Jenny and this is my friend Debbie Smith.
Ms P :नमस्कार.nəməskar.Namaskar.
D :नमस्कार.nəməskar.Namaskar.

To introduce a male friend, one can say

हा माझा मित्रha majha mitrə.This is my friend.

a. Repeat the last two conversations substituting Johnny for Jenny and Bobby for Debbie.

b. Divide into groups of four to practice the exchanges covered so far. In each group two of you should assume the identity of Maharashtrians (either a couple or friends) while the other two of you should play yourselves. You may choose your Maharashtrian names from the list below. Following are some of the ways you can being.

नमस्कार, मी...nəməskar, mi...
तुम्ही... का?tumhi... ka?
नमस्कार, माझं नाव...nəməskar, majhə: nav...

VOCABULARY

Greetings

नमस्ते nəməste

Introductory affirmative / negative

हो ho interj. yes

नाही nahi interj. no

Subject Pronouns

हा ha pron. he, this (m.)

ही hi pron. she, this (f.)

हे he pron. he, they (m. pl.)

तुम्ही tumhi pron. you (resp.)

तू tu pron. you (fam.)

Nouns

बायको, बायका bayko, bayka f. wife

मित्र, मित्र mitrə, mitrə m. male friend

मैत्रीण, मैत्रिणी məitriṇ, məitriṇi f. (i) female friend.

Particles

का ka particle used to form yes-no questions.

Conjunctions

आणि aṇi conj. and

Names

Surnames

बापटbapəṭBapat
देशमुखdešmukhDeshmukh
पवारpəvarPawar
कांबळेkambeKamble
जोशीjošiJoshi
काकडेkakəḍeKakade

Men's given names

सुरेशsurešSuresh
माधवmadhəvMadhav
दिलीपdilipDilip
रामramRam
रमेशrəmešRamesh
सुनिलsunilSunil

Women's given names

सुनंदाsunəndaSunanda
उमाumaUma
अनुराधाənuradhaAnuradha
वैशालीvəišaliVaishali
सुलभाsuləbhaSulabha
मीनाminaMeena

WORD STUDY

मैत्रीण məitriṇ is the feminine form of मित्र mitrə, 'friend'. The suffix -iṇ is used to make the feminine of many nouns, e.g., माळी, माळीण mai, maiṇ 'gardener, gardener's wife'.

3. These Are Our Children

Arun Pawar introduces his children.

Marathi text graphic
ही आमची मुलं.hi amči mulə:.These are our children.
ही आमची मुलगी सुनीता.hi amči mulgi sunita.This is our daughter Sunita.
हा आमचा मुलगा समीर.ha amca mulga səmir.This is our son Samir.
आणि हे आमचं बाळ.ani he amcə: ba.And this is our baby.
ह्याचं नाव रोहन.hyacə: nav rohən.His name is Rohan.

Take turns playing the role of Arun Pawar, pointing to the characters in the picture.


Jenny inquires about the children.

J :सुनीताचं वय काय?sunitacə: vəy kay?How old is Sunita? ['Sunita's age is what?"]
P :सात वर्षं.sat vəršə:.Seven Years.
J :समीरचं वय काय?səmircə: vəy kay?How old is Samir?
P :पाच वर्षं.pac varšə:.Five years.
J :रोहनचं वय काय?rohəncə: vəy kay?How old is Rohan?
P :तीन महिने. tin məhine.Three months.

Numbers 1 to 10

एकekoneसहाsəhasix
दोनdontwoसातsatseven
तीनtinthreeआठaṭheight
चारčarfourनऊnəunine
पाचpacfiveदहाdəhaten

Another student inquires about the Pawar children.

S :ही तुमची मुलगी का?hi tumči mulgi ka?Is this your daughter?
P :हो.ho.Yes.
S :तिचं नाव काय?ticə: nav kay?What is her name?
P :सुनीता.sunita.Sunita.
S :हा तुमचा मुलगा का?ha tumca mulga ka?Is this your son?
P :हो.ho.Yes.
S :त्याचं नाव काय?tyacə: nav kay?What is his name?
P :समीर.səmir.Samir.
S :हे तुमचं बाळ का?he tumcə: ba ka?Is this your baby?
P :हो.ho.Yes.
S :त्याचं नाव काय?tyacə: nav kay?What is his name?
P :रोहन.rohən.Rohan.

Take turns assuming the role of the student and the role of Arun Pawar.


Pawar introduces his parents, sister, brother, and brother's wife.

Marathi text graphicMarathi text graphicMarathi text graphicMarathi text graphicMarathi text graphic
सुंदराबाई
sundərabai
(ai आई)
रामकृष्ण
ramkṛšṇə
(vəḍilवडील)
सविता
səvita
(bəhiṇ बहीण)
रमेश
rəmeš
(bhau भाऊ)
शुभांगी
šubhaŋgi
(vəhini वहिनी
)
ही माझी आई.hi maǰhi ai.This is my mother.
हिचं नाव सुंदराबाई.hicə: nav sundərabai.Her name is Sundarabai.
आणि हे माझे वडील.aṇi he majhe vəḍil.And this is my father.
ह्यांचं नाव रामकृष्ण.hyancə: nav ramkṛšṇə.His name is Ramkrishna.
ही माझी बहीण.hi maǰhi bəhiṇ.This is my sister.
हिचं नाव सविता.hicə: nav səvita.Her name is Savita.
हा माझा भाऊ रमेश.ha majha bhau rəmeš.This is my brother Ramesh.
आणि ही माझी वहिनी शुभांगी.aṇi hi maǰhi vəhini šubhaŋgi.And this is my sister-in-law Shubhangi.

Pawar and Jenny look at a family photo.

Marathi text graphic

Take turns playing the role of Arun Pawar, pointing to the characters pictured above.


P :हे आमचं कुटुंब.he amcə: kuṭumbə.This is our family.
J :हे कोण?he koṇ?Who is this?
P :हे माझे आजोबा.te majhe ajoba.That is my grandfather.
J :ह्या कोण?hya koṇ?Who is this?
P :ती माझी आजी.ti maǰhi aǰi.That is our grandmother.
J :हे कोण?he koṇ?Who is this?
P :ते माझे वडील.te majhe vəḍil.That is my father.
J :ह्या कोण?hya koṇ?Who is this?
P :ती माझी आई.ti maǰhi ai.That is my mother.
J :ही कोण?hi koṇ?Who is this?
P :ती माझी बहीण.ti maǰhi bəhiṇ.That is my sister.
J:हा कोण?ha koṇ?Who is this?
P :तो माझा भाऊ.to majha bhau.That is my brother.
J :ही कोण?hi koṇ?Who is this?
P :ती माझी वहिनी.ti maǰhi vəhini.That is my sister-in-law. (brother's wife).
J :ही कोण?hi koṇ?Who are these?
P :ती आमची मुलं.ti amči mulə:.Those are our children.

a. Quiz each other, by turns assuming the role of Jenny and the role of Arun Pawar.

b. The following chart shows the relationships in the Pawar family. Using Arun as the reference point, review the kinship vocabulary covered in this chapter.

c. Using the chart, ask each other to identify each person by name. Below are sample questions.

हा कोण?ha koṇ?Who is this?
त्याचं नाव काय?tyacə: nav kay?What is his name?
ही कोण?hi koṇ?Who is this?
तिचं नाव काय?ticə: nav kay?What is her name?
हे कोण?he koṇ?Who is this?
ह्यांचं नाव काय?hyancə: nav kay?What is his name?
ह्या कोण?hya koṇ?Who is this?
ह्यांचं नाव काय?hyancə: nav kay?What is her name?

d. Have one person in each group assume the identity of Arun Pawar. The rest of you should ask him / her who each person in the chart is in relation to him / her.

e. Have one person in each group assume the identity of these other persons on the chart : Ramkrishna, Sundarabai, Ramesh and Savita. The rest of you should ask him / her who each of the others on the chart is, and how s / he is related to the person being questioned. See the Vocabulary for the extra words you will need.

f. Make a chart of your own family using photos or drawn figures on the pattern of "The Pawar Family" below. Label each person's relation with reference of you, using as many as are appropriate of the family and kinship terms you have learned so far. Then take turns introducing your family to the others in the class.

The Pawar Family

Marathi text graphic

VOCABULARY

Numbers 1 to 10

एकekone
दोनdontwo
तीनtinthree
चारčarfour
पाचpacfive
सहाsəhasix
सातsatseven
आठaṭheight
नऊnəunine
दहाdəhaten

Family and kinship terms

कुटुंब, कुटुंबं kuṭumbə, kuṭumbə:

n. family

आई ai

f. mother

वडील vəḍil

m. father

भाऊ, भाऊ bhau, bhau

m. brother

बहीण, बहिणी bəhiṇ, bəhiṇi

f. (i) sister

मुलगा, मुलं mulga, mulə:

m., in pl., n. boy, son

मूल, मुलं mul, mulə:

n. child

मुलगी, मुली mulgi, muli

f. girl, daughter

बाळ, बाळं ba, baə:

n. baby

वहिनी, वहिन्या vəhini, vəhinya

f. brother's wife

आजी, आज्या aǰi, aǰya

f. grandmother

आजोबा ajoba

m. pl. grandfather

नातू, नातू natu, natu

m. grandson

नात, नाती nat, nati

f.(i) granddaughter

सून, सुना sun, suna

f.(e) daughter-in-law

पुतणी, पुतण्या putəṇi, putəṇya

f.(i) niece, bother's daughter

पुतण्या, पुतणे putəṇya, putəṇe

m. nephew, brother's son

Subject Pronouns

हे he pron. he (resp.), this (n.)

ह्या hya pron. she (resp.)

ही hi pron. these (n.)

तो to pron. he, that (m.)

ती ti pron. she, that (f.)

ते te pron. he, (resp.)

ती ti pron. those (n.)

Possessive adjectives

आमचं amcə: adj. our

हिचं hicə: adj. her

ह्याचं hyacə: adj. his

ह्यांचं hyancə: adj. his / her (resp.)

तिचं ticə adj. her

त्यांचं tyancə: adj. his / her (resp.)

Other nouns

वय, वयं vəy, vəyə: n. age

वर्ष, वर्षं vəršə, vəršə: n. year

महिना, महिने məhina, məhine m. month

Interrogative pronouns

कोण koṇ pron. who

Names

Men's given names

रामकृष्णramkṛšṇəRamkrishna
अरुणəruṇArun
समीरsəmirSamir
रोहनrohənRohan

Women's given names

सुंदराबाईsundərabaiSunderabai
सविताsəvitaSavita
सुनीताsunitaSunita
शुभांगीšubhaŋgiShubhangi

WORD STUDY

Note the name सुंदराबाई sundərabai. The word बाई bai by itself means 'woman'. It is attached to a woman's given name or surname as a respectful suffix.

CULTURAL NOTE

Many students wonder why we give so much importance to talking about the family early on in the course. Once in India, however, you will discover that life is family-centered, and knowledge of basic kinship terms is a must.

4. आता वाचू या

नमस्ते, तुम्ही जॉन ग्रीन का?

हो.

मी बापट आणि ही माझी बायको सुनंदा.

नमस्कार.

ही आमची मुलं.

ही आमची मुलगी सुनीता.

हा आमचा मुलगा समीर.

हे आमचं बाळ. ह्याचं नाव रोहन.

सुनीताचं वय काय?

सात वर्षं.

समीरचं वय काय?

पाच वर्षं.

रोहनचं वय काय?

तीन महिने.

5. GRAMMAR

A) N N CONSTRUCTION

The sentences in this unit are almost without exception based on a single structure: N N. (N stands for 'noun'). The corresponding English sentences have the form 'N (be) N.'

NN
माझं नावmajhə: navबापटbapəṭMy name is Bapat.
मीmiबापटbapəṭI am Bapat.
हीhiआमची मुलगीamči mulgiThis is our daughter.

Note that the Marathi sentences above have no word meaning 'to be' (or copula, as it is technically termed). Only in limited contexts such as making introductions or showing photographs can the copula be omitted.

B) TYPES OF QUESTIONS

There are two basic types of questions found in Marathi (or, for that matter, any language) - those that use an interrogative word to ask for additional information, and those that merely require a 'yes' or 'no' answer. (In this book we will refer to the first as interrogative word questions and the second as yes-no questions.)

1. In Marathi a yes-no question is made by the adding का ka, to the statement.*

तुम्ही जॉन ग्रीन.tumhi ǰɔn grin.Your are John Greene.
तुम्ही जॉन ग्रीन का?tumhi ǰɔn grin ka?Are you John Greene?

2. An interrogative word question is formed by inserting the interrogative word in the place of the desired information.

हा...ha...This is...
हा कोण?ha koṇ?Who is this?
* Note that this is simpler than the rule in English whereby the interrogative has to be brought to the beginning of the sentence.

C) GENDER

Each Marathi noun has a gender masculine, feminine, or neuter. In some cases the gender of the noun is consistent with natural gender. That is, भाऊ bhau 'brother' is masculine, बहीण bəhiṇ 'sister' is feminine, and नाव nav 'name' is neuter. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. For instance टेबल ṭebəl 'table' is neuter, while खुर्ची khurči 'chair' is feminine. Though there are a few rough rules you can follow to make a guess at the gender, for the most part you simply have to memorize it.

D) PERSONAL PRONOUNS

This unit has introduced a number of personal pronouns, though not the full set.

मीmiI
तूtuyou (fam.)
तुम्हीtumhiyou (resp.)
हाhahe, this (m.)
हीhishe, this (f.)
हेhethis (n.)
हेhehe (resp.)
ह्याhyashe (resp.)
हीhithey, these (n.)
तोtohe, that (m.)
तीtishe, that (f.)
तेtehe (resp.)
तीtithey, those (n.)
तेtethat (n.)
त्याtyashe (resp.)

The pronoun system in Marathi is more complex than English because in addition to distinctions of person ('I', 'you', 'he'), number (singular, plural) and gender, Marathi also distinguishes between the respectful and familiar, the inclusive and exclusive 'we', and between proximate (near) and distant - which in English is retained only in the demonstrative pronouns: 'this', 'that' and 'these', 'those'. The pronoun system is discussed in detail in Unit Two. For a discussion of the use of the familiar and respectful, see the box later in this chapter.

E) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

So far, the following possessives have been introduced:

माझंmajhə:my
तुमचंtumcə:your
तुझंtujhə:your
ह्याचंhyacə:his
हिचंhicə:her
ह्यांचंhyancə:his / her (resp.)
त्याचंtyancə:his
तिचंticə:her
त्यांचंtyancə:his / her (resp.)
आमचंamcə:our

In Marathi, adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. As possessives function as adjectives, they follow the same rules of agreement. The example below illustrates how majhe: changes according to the gender of the noun it modifies.

माझा मुलगाmajha mulgaमाझे वडीलmajhe vəḍil
माझी मुलगीmaǰhi mulgiमाझ्या आज्याmaǰhya aǰya
माझं नावmajhə: navमाझी मुलंmaǰhi mulə:

Certain nouns, such as vəḍil 'father' and ajoba 'grandfather' are generally used in the respectful, which is the same as the plural. (In fact, the essence of the respectful is using the plural in reference to a single person.)

माझे वडीलmajhe vəḍilmy father
तुमच्या आईtumčya aiyour mother
तिचे आजोबाtice ajobaher grandfather

The possessive adjective vowel endings are summarized in Table 1 below

TABLE 1. Possessive adjective endings

MFN
Singularaiə:
Pluraleyai

Example

माझा majha माझंmajhə:माझ्याmaǰhya
माझीmaǰhiमाझे majheमाझीmaǰhi

Note that the j changes to ǰ when followed by i or ya. (In some people's speech the change also occurs when j is followed by e.)

Note also that given names (first names) can be turned into possessive adjectives simply by adding the appropriate possessive ending: for example, सुनीताचं वय, sunitacə: vəy, समीरची बहीण səmirči bəhiṇ, रोहनचा भाऊ rohənca bhau.

THE DIMENSION OF RESPECT

In Marathi, as in the other Indian languages and most European languages, the selection of pronouns in reference to persons depends not only on the person, number and gender of the person addressed or referred to, but on the speaker's social relationship to that person. This dimension is often referred to as that of respect, although this word does not adequately convey the complexity involved. It is more helpful to think of two parallel dimensions one of status and the other of social distance.*

Marathi text graphic* For the concept of two parallel dimensions we are indebted to Brown and Gilman's classic analysis of pronoun use in European languages. Our definition of these dimensions, however, is somewhat different from that of the above authors. See Roger W. Brown and A. Gilman, "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity" in Thomas A Seabeck (ed.), Style in Language (New York : Wiley; Cambridge : Technology Press, 1960), pp. 253-276. Reprinted in Joshua A. Fishman (ed.) Readings in the Sociology of Language (The Hague : Mouton, 1963), 252-276.

As we see from the diagram, respectful forms are used for those who are of superior social status or who are socially distant. Familiar forms are used for those who are of inferior status or socially close. If people are of the same status, only the dimension of social distance is applicable.

A full discussion of the use of the familiar and respectful will be given later. For the time being, keep in mind a few major points.

1. For addressing a person there are three levels of respect: तू tu (familiar), तुम्ही tumhi (middle) and आपण apəṇ (honorific). The pronoun तुम्ही tumhi is most frequently used. Only if there is a clear reason for doing so does one use the familiar तू tu or the honorific आपण apəṇ.

2. Most people refer to their father and grandfather in the respectful, and their mother and grandmother in the familiar. (The concept of two parallel dimensions suggests that while fathers and grandfathers are of superior status, they are also emotionally distant, while mothers and grandmothers are emotionally close. However, in referring to someone else's mother, one often uses the respectful.)

3. Children are addressed and referred to in the familiar.

4. Wives usually address and refer to their husbands in the respectful, while husbands use the familiar in addressing or referring to their wives. However, many couples reject the inequality implied in this usage, and address and refer to each other in the familiar.

5. Most students in larger cities address and refer to each other in the familiar. In rural areas students are more conservative, and tend to use the respectful except for close friends.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Practice using the pronouns मी mi, तू tu, तुम्ही tumhi, हा ha, ही hi, हे he, ह्या hya. Using yourself as the point of reference, point to others and refer to them with the appropriate pronouns and their names as if introducing them to someone else. Alternatively, you can have another student do the pointing to drill you.

B. Answer the following questions as suggested. To test yourself, cover the Marathi answers.

1. हा कोण?ha koṇ?6. ही कोण?hi koṇ?
(माझा भाऊ majha bhau) my brother(माझी बहीण maǰhi bahiṇ) my sister
2. ह्या कोण?hya koṇ?7. हा कोण?ha koṇ?
(माझी आई maǰhi ai) my mother(समीर səmir) Samir
3. हा कोण?ha koṇ?8. ही कोण?hi koṇ?
(माझा मुलगा majha mulga) my son(सुनिता sunita) Sunita
4. ही कोण?hi koṇ?9. हे कोण?he koṇ?
(माजी मैत्रीण maǰhi maitriṇ) (f.) my friend(माझे वडील majhe vəḍil) My father
5. हा कोण?ha koṇ?10. ह्या कोण?hya koṇ?
(माझा मित्र majha mitrə) my friend (m.)(मिसेस पवार mises pəvar) Mrs. Pawar

C. Repeat Exercise B,1-6, this time also asking the person's name, for example, त्याचं नाव काय? tyacə: nav kay?, तिचं नाव काय? ticə: nav kay?, त्यांचं नाव काय? tyancə: nav kay?.

D. Select the form of माझं majhə: (माझा, majha, माझी maǰhi, माझं majhə:, माझे majhe) required for the word suggested.

1. आई ai4. बहीणbəhiṇ7. मैत्रीणməitriṇ10 वडीलvəḍil
2. मुलगाmulga5. मित्रmitrə8. बायकोbayko11. आजोबाajoba
3. भाऊbhau6. नावnav9. मुलगीmulgi

E. Using the words in exercise C, make statements of the pattern हा माझा... ha majha ..., making the necessary changes for gender.

F. Using the words in exercise C, make questions of the pattern हा तुमचा ... का? ha tumca...ka? Have a second student give any appropriate answer. Repeat this exercise using तुझा tujha in place of तुमचा tumca.

G. Translate the following sentences into Marathi.

1. I am .... (name).

2. My name is ....

3. Is this your brother?

4. No, he is my friend.

5. This is my friend ...

6. This is my father.

7. His name is ...

8. This is my mother.

9. Her name is ...

10. Is this your son?

Unit Two

Identifying Persons
and Places


6. Let's Look At Some Maps

Your instructor points to a map of the world.

I:आपण नकाशे बघू या.apəṇ nəkaše bəghu ya.Let's look at some maps.
हा जगाचा नकाशा आहे.ha ǰəgaca nəkaša ahe.This is a map of the word.

ǰəg जग

Marathi text graphic ही पूर्व (दिशा).hi purvə (diša).This is the east. ही पश्चिम (दिशा).hi pəščim (diša).This is the west. ही दक्षिण (दिशा).hi dəkšiṇ (diša).This is south. ही उत्तर (दिशा).hi uttər (diša).This is the north.
उत्तर अमेरिका, दक्षिण अमेरिका, युरोप, आशिया, अफ्रिका हे खंड आहेत.uttər əmerika, dəkšiṇ əmerika, yurop, ašiya afrika he khəṇḍə ahet.North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, [these] are continents.
I :अटलँटिक, पॅसिफिक हे महासागर आहेत.ətlæṇṭik, pæsifik he məhasagər ahet.The Atlantic and Pacific are oceans.
हिंदी महासागर कुठे आहे?hindi məhasagər kuṭhe ahe?Where is the Indian Ocean?
S :इथे आहे.ithe ahe.Here it is.
I :युनायटेड स्टेट्स, इंग्लड, फ्रान्स, जर्मनी, ब्राझील, जपान, भारत हे देश आहेत.yunayəṭeḍ sṭeṭs, iŋgləṇḍ, frans, ǰərməni, braǰhil, jəpan, bharət he deš ahet.The United States, England, France, German, Brazil, Japan and India are countries.
भारत कुठे आहे?bharat kuṭhe ahe?Where is India?
S :इथे आहे.ithe ahe.Here it is.
I :न्यूयॉर्क, शिकागो, लंडन, पॅरिस, रियो दि जॉनीरो, टोकियो, दिल्ली ही शहरं आहेत. मुंबई कुठे आहे?nyu yɔrk, šikɔgo, ləṇḍən, pæris, bərlin, rio de Jæniro, ṭokiyo, dilli hi šəhərə: ahet. mumbəi kuṭhe ahe?New York, Chicago, London, Paris, Berlin, Rio de Janerio, Tokyo, Delhi are cities. Where is Mumbai?
S :इथे आहे.ithe ahe.Here it is.
I :हा कोणता खंड आहे?ha koṇta khəṇḍa ahe?Which continent is this?
S :आशिया.ašiyaAsia.
I :हा कोणता देश आहे?ha koṇta deš ahe?Which country is this?
S :भारत.bharətIndia.
I :हे कोणतं शहर आहे?he kontə: šəhər ahe?Which city is this?
S :पुणे.puṇePune.

Take turns pointing of features of the world map. Here are some useful questions.

...कुठे आहे?...kuṭhe ahe?Where is....?
हा कोणता खंड आहे?ha koṇta khəṇḍə ahe?Which continent is this?
हा कोणता महासागर आहे?ha koṇta məhasagər ahe?Which ocean is this?
हा कोणता देश आहे?ha koṇta deš ahe?Which country is this?
हे कोणतं शहर आहे?he koṇtə: šəhər ahe?Which city is this?
हे / हा ... आहे का?he / ha ... ahe ka?Is this.....?

Your instructor points to a physical map of India.

I :हा भारताचा नकाशा आहे.ha bharətača nəkaša ahe.This is map of India.
Marathi text graphic हा अरबी समुद्र आहे.ha ərəbi səmudrə ahe.This is the Arabian Sea. हा हिमालय.ha himaləy.These are the Himalayas. हा विंध्या पर्वत.ha vindya pərvət.These are the Vindya Mountains. हे दख्खनचं पठार.he dəkkhəncə: pəṭhar.This is the Deccan Plateau. हा बंगालचा उपसागरha bəŋgalca upəsagər.This is the Bay of Bengal. हा सह्याद्री आहे.ha səhyadri ahe.These are the Western Ghats. हा सातपुडा पर्वत.ha satpuḍa pərvət.These are the Satpuda Mountains. ह्या भारताच्या मुख्य नद्या आहेत.hya bharətačya mukhyə nədya ahet.These are India's principal rivers. ही गंगा, ही यमुना, ही ब्रम्हपुत्रा, ही गोदावरी, ही कृष्णा, ही कावेरी.hi gəŋga, hi yəmuna, hi brəhməputra, hi godavəri, hi kṛšṇa, hi kaveri.This is the Ganges, this is the Jamuna, this is the Brahmaputra, this is the Godavari, this is the Krishna, this is the Cauvery.

Your instructor points to a political map of India.

Marathi text graphicbharət
भारत
आता आपण भारताची काही राज्य बघू या.
I: ata apəṇ bharətači kahi raǰyə: bəghu ya.
Now let us look at some of the states of India ['India's states']
हा महाराष्ट्र आहे.ha məharašṭrə ahe.This is Maharashtra.
हा उत्तर प्रदेश, राजस्थान, जम्मू काश्मीर, पंजाब, बंगाल, आंध्र प्रदेश, तामिळनाडू, केरळ, गोवा, गुजरात, मध्यप्रदेश.ha uttər prədeš, raǰəsthan, ǰəmmu Kašmir, pənǰab, bəŋgal, andhrə prədeš, taminaḍu, kerə, gova, gujərat, mədhya prədeš.This is Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jammu Kashmir, Punjab, Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh.
हे कोणतं राज्य आहे?he koṇtə: raǰyə ahe?Which states this?
S :कर्नाटक.kərnaṭək.Karnataka.
आता आपण मुख्य शहरं बघू या.
I:ata apəṇ mukhyə šəhərə: bəghu ya.
Now let us look at the principal cities.
Marathi text graphicbharət
भारत
ही नवी दिल्ली आहे.hi nəvi dilli ahe.This is New Delhi.
नवी दिल्ली ही भारताची राजधानी आहे.nəvi dilli hi bharətači raǰdhani ahe.New Delhi is India's capital.
ही मुंबई आहे.hi mumbəi ahe.This is Bombay.
हे कलकत्ता आहे.he kəlkətta ahe.This is Calcutta.
ही चेन्नई आहे.hi čennəi ahe.This is Chennai (Madras).
हे हैदराबाद आहे.he həidərabad ahe.This is Hyderabad.
पुणे कोठे आहे?puṇe kuṭhe ahe?Where is Pune?
S :इथे आहे.ithe ahe.Here it is.

a. Take turns pointing to features on the maps of India. Here are some useful questions.

... कुठे आहे?... kuṭhe ahe?Where is... ?
ही कोणती नदी आहे?hi koṇti nədi ahe?Which river is this?
हे कोणतं राज्य आहे?he koṇtə: raǰyə ahe?Which state is this?
हे कोणतं शहर आहे?he koṇtə: šəhər ahe?Which city is this?

b. Locate the following.

अरबी समुद्रərəbi səmudrəमहाराष्ट्रməharašṭrə
बंगालचा उपसागरbəngalča upəsagərराजस्थानrajəsthan
हिमालयhimaləyकेरळkerə
गंगाgəngaनवी दिल्लीnəvi dilli
गोदावरीgodavəriकोलकताkolkatta

c. Match the city with the state in which it is located.

कोलकताkolkəttaतामिळनाडूtaminaḍu
हैदराबादhəidrabadमहाराष्ट्रməharašṭrə
चेन्नईčennəiबंगालbəŋgal
मुंबईmumbəiराजस्थानraǰəsthan
पुणेpuṇeआंध्रप्रदेशandhrə prədeš

Your instructor points to a map of Maharashtra.

आता महाराष्ट्राचा नकाशा बघू या.ata məharašṭrača nəkaša bəghu ya.Now let us look at a map of Maharashtra.
Marathi text graphic
ही महाराष्ट्राची मुख्य शहरं आहेत.hi məharašṭrači mukhyə šəhərə: ahet.These are the main cities of Maharashtra.
ही मुंबई आहे.hi mumbəi ahe.This is Bombay.
हे पुणे आहे.he puṇe ahe.This is Pune.
हे औरंगाबाद आहे.he əurəŋgabad ahe.This is Aurangabad.
हे नागपूर आहे.he nagpur ahe.This is Nagpur.

a. Locate the following on a map of Maharashtra.

मुंबईmumbəiसातपुडा पर्वतsatpuḍa pərvət
पुणेpuṇeगोदावरीgodavəri
औरंगाबादəurəŋgabadकृष्णाkṛšṇa
नागपूरnagpurसह्याद्री पर्वतsəhyadri pərvət

b. Get a map of the United States and talk about it. Point out directions, oceans, mountains, rivers, states, and cities, using the question you have learned.

c. Answer the following questions.

शिकागो हे राज्य आहे का?šikɔgo he raǰyə ahe ka?
विस्काँसिन हे शहर आहे का?viskɔnsin he šəhər ahe ka?
भारताची राजधानी काय?bharətači raǰdhani kay?
अमेरिकेची राजधानी काय?əmerikeči raǰdhani kay?
आंध्रप्रदेश हा देश आहे काय?andrə prədeš ha deš ahe ka?
महाराष्ट्र हे शहर आहे का?məharašṭrə he šəhər ahe ka?
महाराष्ट्राची मुख्य शहरं कोणती?məharašṭrači mukhyə šəhərə: koṇti?
महाराष्ट्राच्या मुख्य नद्या कोणत्या?məharašṭračya mukhyə nədya koṇtya?

VOCABULARY

NOUNS

नकाशा, नकाशे nəkaša, nəkaše m. map

जग ǰag n. world

खंड, खंड khəṇḍə, khəṇḍə: m. continent

देश, देश deš, deš m. country

राज्य, राज्यं raǰyə, raǰyə: n. state

शहर, शहरं šəhər, šəhərə: n. city

नदी, नद्या nədi, nədya f. river

पर्वत, पर्वत pərvət, pərvət m. mountain, mountain range

राजधानी, राजधान्या rajdhani, rajdhanya f. capital

Directions

दिशा, दिशा diša, diša f.(e) direction

पूर्व purvə f.(e) east

पश्चिम pəščim f.(e) west

दक्षिण dəkšiṇ f.(e) south

उत्तर uttər f.(e) north

Place names

Continents

उत्तर अमेरिका uttər əmerika f. North America

दक्षिण अमेरिका dəkšiṇ əmerika f. South America

युरोप yurop m. Europe

आशिया ašiya m. Asia

आफ्रिका afrika f. Africa

Oceans

अटलँटिक महासागर əṭlæṇṭik məhasagər m. Atlantic Ocean

पॅसिफिक महासागर pæsifik məhasagər m. Pacific Ocean

हिंदी महासागर hindi məhasagər m. Indian Ocean

Countries

भारत bharət m. India.

युनायटेड स्टेट्स yunayəṭed sṭeṭs n. United States

इंग्लंड ingləṇḍ n. England

फ्रान्स frans m. France

जर्मनी ǰərməni f. Germany

ब्राझील braǰhil n. Brazil

जपान ǰəpan n. Japan

Foreign Cities

न्यूयॉर्क nyu yɔrk n. New York

शिकागो šikɔgo n. Chicago

लंडन ləṇḍən n. London

पॅरिस pæris n. Paris

बर्लिन bərlin n. Berlin

रिओ दि जॅनिरो rio di ǰæniro n. Rio de Janeiro

टोकियो ṭokiya n. Tokyo

Geographical features of India

अरबी समुद्र ərəbi səmudrə m. Arabian Sea

बंगालचा उपसागर bəŋgalča upəsagər m. Bay of Bengal

हिमालय himaləy m. the Himalayas.

सातपुडा पर्वत satpuḍa pərvət m. Satpuda Mountains

विंध्या पर्वत vindhya pərvət m. the Vindya Mountains

दख्खनचं पठार dəkkhənčə: pəṭhar n. the Deccan Plateau

सह्याद्री səhyadri m. the Western Ghats

Rivers of India

गंगा gəŋga f. the Ganges

यमुना yəmuna f. the Jamuna

ब्रम्हपुत्रा brəmhəputra f. the Bramhaputra

गोदावरी godavəri f. the Godavari

कृष्णा kṛšṇa f. the Krishna

कावेरी kaveri f. the Cauvery

States of India

महाराष्ट्र məharašṭrə m. Maharashtra

उत्तर प्रदेश uttər prədeš m. Uttar Pradesh

राजस्थान raǰəsthan m. Rajasthan

पंजाब pənǰab m. Punjab

बंगाल bəŋgal m. Bengal

आंध्र प्रदेश andhrə prədeš m. Andhra Pradesh

तामिळनाडू taminaḍu m. Tamilnadu

गोवा gova m. Goa

गुजरात gujərat m. Gujarat

मध्यप्रदेश mədhyə prədeš m. Madhya Pradesh

कर्नाटक kəranṭək m. Karnataka

केरळ kerə m. Kerala

जम्मू काश्मीर ǰəmmu-kašmir m. Jammu- Kashmir

Cities of India

नवी दिल्ली nəvi dilli f. New Delhi

मुंबई mumbəi f. Bombay / Mumbai

कोलकत्ता kolkətta n. Calcutta

चेन्नई čennəi f. Chennai (Madras)

हैदराबाद həidərabad n. Hyderabad

Cities of Maharashtra

मुंबई mumbəi f. Bombay / Mumbai

पुणे puṇe n. Pune

नागपूर nagpur n Nagpur

औरंगाबाद əurəŋgabad n. Aurangabad

Subject pronouns

आपण apəṇ pron. we (including person addressed)

Verbs

बघ- bəgh- v.t. (irreg.) to look at

आहे, आहोत ahe, ahet aux. (present tense) to be

Adverbs

आता ata adv. now

इथे ithe adv. here

Interrogative adverbs

कुठे kuṭhe adv. where

Adjectives

मुख्य mukhyə adj. inv. main, principal

काही kahi adj. inv. some

Interrogative adjectives

कोणतं koṇtə: adj. which

WORD STUDY

The name of Bombay was officially changed to Mumbai in 1996. Since then Madras has been changed to Chennai, and very recently Calcutta has been changed to Kolkatta.

7. Are you American?

A Maharashtrian casually encounters an American student.

M :तुम्ही अमेरिकन आहात का?tumhi əmerikən ahat ka?Are you American?
As :हो, मी अमेरिकन आहे. ho, mi əmerikən ahe.Yes, I'm American.
M :तुमचं गाव कोणतं?tumcə: gav koṇtə:?What town are you from? [Your town is which?]
AS :माझं गाव... majhə: gav ....I'm from .... [My town is ....]

This time the American student initiates the conversation.

AS : तुम्ही मराठी आहात का?tumhi məraṭhi ahat ka?Are you Maharashtrian?
M :हो, मी मराठी आहे.ho, mi məraṭhi ahe.Yes, I'm Maharashtrian.
AS :तुमचं गाव कोणतं?tumčə: gav koṇtə:?What town are you from?
M :मी पुण्याचा / पुण्याची आहे.mi puṇyaca / puṇyači ahe.I'm from Pune.

VARIATIONS

M :1.तुम्ही कुठले / कुठल्या?tumhi kuṭhle / kuṭhəlya?Where are you from
AS :मी अमेरिकन आहे.mi əmerikən ahe.I am American.
M :2.तुम्ही जर्मन आहात का?tumhi ǰəmən ahat ka?Are you German?
AS :नाही, मी अमेरिकन आहे.nahi, mi əmerikən ahe.No, I am American.
M :3.तुमचा देश कोणता?tumca deš koṇta?What country are you from? [Your country is which?]
AS :आम्ही अमेरिकन आहोत.amhi əmerikən ahot.We are American.
AS :4.तुमचं गाव कोणतं?tumcə: gav koṇtə:?Where are you from?
M :आम्ही पुण्याचे आहोत.amhi puṇyace ahot.We are from Pune.

Of course, not everyone you meet will be from Pune. Here is how people from other cities and towns will tell you where they are from.

मुंबईचा / मुंबईचीmumbəica / mumbəičifrom Bombay
नागपूरचा / नागपूरचीnagpurca / nagpurčifrom Nagpur
औरंगाबादचा / औरंगाबादचीəur əngabadca / əurəngabadčifrom Aurangabad
कोल्हापूरचा / कोल्हापूरचीkolhapurca / kolhapurčifrom Kolhapur
साताऱ्याचा / साताऱ्याचीsataryaca / sataryačifrom Satara
सोलापूरचा / सोलापूरचीsolapurca / solapurčifrom Solapur

a. Locate Kolhapur, Satara, and Solapur and enter them on your map of Maharashtra.

b. Break up into groups. In each group each person should drawn an identity card. Find our where each of you is from.


National and Regional Identity

bharətiyəभारतीयIndian
frenčफ्रेंचFrench
ǰəpaniजपानीJapanese
činiचिनीChinese
gujəratiगुजरातीGujarati
tamiiतामिळीTamilian
pənǰabiपंजाबीPunjabi
bəŋgaliबंगालीBengali
məharašṭriyəमहाराष्ट्रीयMaharashtrian
Marathi text graphicहा कोण?
हा अरुण पवार.
तो भारतीय आहे.
तो महाराष्ट्रीय आहे.
त्याच गाव पुणे.
ha koṇ?
ha əruṇ pəvar.
to bharətiyə ahe.
to məharašṭriyə ahe.
tyacə: gav puṇe
Marathi text graphicहा कोण?
हा सुरजित सिंग.
तो भारतीय आहे.
तो पंजाबी आहे.
त्याचं गाव अमृतसर
ho koṇ?
ha surǰit siŋ.
to bharətiyə ahe.
to pənǰabi ahe.
tyacə: gav əmṛṭsər.
Marathi text graphicही कोण?
ही ए. बी. सीता.
ती भारतीय आहे.
ती तामिळी आहे.
तिचं गाव चेन्नई.
hi koṇ?
hi e. bi. sita.
ti bharətiyə ahe.
ti tamii ahe.
ticə; gav čennəi.
हे कोण?
हे प्रोफेसर भट्‌्टाचार्य.
ते भारतीय आहेत.
ते बंगाली आहेत.
त्यांचं गाव कोलकत्ता.
he koṇ?
he profesər bhəṭṭačaryə.
te bharətiyə ahet.
te bəŋgali ahet.
tyancə: gav kəlkətta.
Marathi text graphic
ह्?या कोण
ह्?या डॉक्?टर लीला शर्मा.
त्?या भारतीय आहेत.
त्?या दिल्?लीच्?या आहेत.
hya koṇ?
hya ḍɔkṭər lila šərma.
tya bharətiyə ahet.
tya dilličya ahet.
Marathi text graphic
Marathi text graphicहे कोण?
हे प्रोफेसर यामामोतो.
ते भारतीय नाहीत.
ते जपानी आहेत.
त्यांचं गाव टोकियो.
he koṇ?
he profesər yamamoto.
te bharətiyə nahit.
te ǰəpani ahet.
tyancə: gav ṭokiyo.
Marathi text graphicही कोण?
ही चेंग ताई फू.
ती भारतीय नाही.
ती चिनी आहे.
तिचं गाव हाँग काँग.
hi koṇ?
hi čeŋ tai phu.
ti bharətiyə nahi.
ti čini ahe.
ticə: gav hoŋ koŋ.

a. Take turns asking each other about the seven characters above. For example:

हा कोण?ha koṇ?
हा सुरजित सिंग.ha surǰit siŋ.
तो भारतीय आहे का?to bharətiyə ahe ka?
हो, तो भारतीय आहे.ho, to bharətiyə ahe.
तो गुजराती आहे का?to gujərati ahe ka?
नाही, तो पंजाबी आहे.nahi, to pənǰabi ahe.
त्याचं गाव कोणतं?tyacə: gav koṇtə:?
त्?याचं गाव अमृतसर.tyacə: gav əmṛitsər.

b. Each one in your group should assume the identity of one the seven characters above. Then ask each other in turn about his / her national and regional identity. For example.

नमस्ते, मी सुरजित सिंग.nəmaste, mi surǰit siŋ.
तुम्ही भारतीय आहात का?tumhi bharətiyə ahat ka?
हो, मी भारतीय आहे.ho, mi bharətiyə ahe.
तुम्ही गुजराती आहे का?tumhi gujərati ahat ka?
नाही, मी पंजाबी आहे.nahi, mi pənǰabi ahe.
तुमचं गाव कोणतं?tumcə: gav koṇtə:?
माझं गाव अमृतसर.majhə: gav əmrtsər.

Basic Human Identity

अरुण पवार, सुरजित सिंग, सीता, प्रोफेसर भट्‌्टाचार्य आणि डॉक्टर लीला शर्मा हे भारतीय आहेत.əruṇ pəvar, surǰit siŋ sita, profesər bhəṭṭačaryə aṇi ḍɔkṭər lila šərma he bharətiyə ahet.Arun Pawar, Surjit Singh, Sita, Professor Bhattacharya and Dr. Lila Sharma are Indian.
प्रोफेसर यामामोतो हे जपानी आहेत.profesər yamamoto ǰəpani ahet.Prof. Yamamoto is Japanese.
चेंग ताई फू चिनी आहे.čeŋg tai phu čini ahe.Cheng Tai-fu is Chinese.
ती सगळी माणसं आहेत.ti səgəi maṇsə: ahet.They are all human beings.
सुरजित सिंग पुरुष आहे.surǰit siŋ puruš ahe.Surjit Singh is a man.
सीता बाई आहे.sita bai ahe.Sita is a woman.
ती माणसं आहेत.ti maṇsə: ahet.They are human beings.
मी स्त्री आहे.mi stri ahe.I am a woman.
तू पुरुष आहेस.tu puruš ahes.You are a man.
आपण माणसं आहोत.apəṇ maṇsə: ahot.We are human beings.

a. Talk about the characters introduced in this chapter and earlier in this book, mentioning regional and national identity, gender and basic human identity.

b. Describe yourself and each other in the same terms.


VOCABULARY

Adjectives

अमेरिकन əmerikən adj. inv. American

जर्मन ǰərmən adj. inv. German

जपानी ǰəpani adj. inv. Japanese

चिनी čini adj. inv. Chinese

भारतीय bharətiyə adj. inv. Indian

मराठी məraṭhi adj. inv. Maharashtrian

महाराष्ट्रीय məharašṭriyə adj. inv. Maharashtrian

गुजराती gujərati adj. inv. Gujarati

तामिळी tamii adj. inv. Tamilian

पंजाबी pənǰabi adj. inv. Punjabi

बंगाली bəŋgali adj. inv. Bengali

Nouns

गाव, गावं gav, gavə: n. town, native place

बाई, बायका bai, bayka f. woman, female

स्त्री, स्त्रिया stri, striya f. woman, female

पुरुष, पुरुष puruš, puruš m. man, male

माणूस, माणसं maṇus, maṇsə: m., n. man, human being

Adjective

कुठलं kuṭhlə: adj. from where

सगळं səgə: adj. all

Subject pronouns

आम्ही amhi pron. we (excluding person addressed)

Verbs

आहात, आहेत, आहेस ahat, ahet, ahes aux. (present tense) to be

नाही, नाहीत nahi, nahit aux. (present tense) not to be

Place names

सातारा satara n. Satara

कोल्हापूर kolhapur n. Kolhapur

सोलापूर solapur n. Sholapur

अमृतसर əmṛtsər n. Amritsar

Names

Men's given names

सुरजित surǰit Surjit

Women's given names

सीता sita Sita

लीला lila Leela

Surnames

सिंग siŋ Singh

भट्‌्टाचार्य bəṭṭacharyə Bhattacharya

शर्मा šərma Sharma

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. आहात ahat, आहे ahe, आहेत ahte and आहोत ahot are forms of the verb अस-əs- 'to be'. The full paradigm of əs- is given in Ch. 10.

2. नाही nahi, नाहीत nahit are forms of the negative verbs नस-nəs-'not to be'. The full paradigm of nəs- is given in Ch. 10

3. In sentences such as मी पुण्याचा आहे mi puṇyaca ahe, 'I am from Pune', the Structure place name + ca is an adjectival phrase agreeing with the gender of the person to whom it refers. Thus a woman will say मी पुण्याची आहे mi puṇyači ahe.

4. Note that in the feminine ending चा ca is replaced by ची či. Throughout the language, whenever c is followed by i or y, it changes to č. (This is called a morphophonemic change.)

5. Some place name (and most common nouns) require a special form (called the oblique form) before an ending is added, e.g:

पुणेpuṇeपुण्याचाpuṇyacaभारतbharətभारताचाbharətaca
साताराsataraसाताऱ्याचाsataryacaमहाराष्ट्रməharašṭrə महाराष्ट्राचाməharašṭraca

WORD STUDY

1. There is some ambiguity in the use of the word गाव gav. It can mean either one's native place or place of residence. At times you may be totally confused by someone who tells you his / her गाव gav is such and such a place, and then course, is that people continue to identify themselves with a place of origin, although they may have long had no contact with that place.

2. बाई bai is the common word for 'woman'. स्त्री stri is both the technical word for 'female' and also a more elegant word for 'woman'.

3. For 'Maharashtrian' educated speakers say महाराष्ट्रीय məharašṭriyə rather than मराठी məraṭhi. Today many speakers use the English form महाराष्ट्रीअन məharašṭriyən.

8. Do You Know Marathi?

Again a Maharashtrian casually encounters an American student.

M :तुम्हाला मराठी येतं का?tumhala məraṭhi yetə: ka?Do you know Marathi?
A :हो, (मला) थोडंसं येतं.ho, (məla) thoḍəsə: yetə:.Yes, a little.
M :अरे वा! (तुम्ही) कुठे शिकलात?əre va! (tumhi) kuṭhe šiklat?Very good! Where did you learn it?
A :अमेरिकेत.əmeriket.In America
M :किती दिवस शिकलात?kiti divəs šiklat> How long ['How many days'] did you study?
A :दहा आठवडे.dəha aṭhəvḍe.Ten weeks.

Variation

M :तुम्ही मराठी बोलता का?tumhi məraṭhi bolta ka?Do you speak Marathi
A :हो, (मी) थोडंसं बोलतो / बोलते.ho, (mi) thoḍəsə: bolto / bolteYes [I] speak, a little.

The Maharashtrian asks next if the American student knows Hindi too.

M :तुम्हाला हिंदी पण येतं का?tumhala hindi pəṇ yetə: ka?Do you know Hindi too?
A :नाही, मला येत नाही.nahi, məla yet nahi.No, I don't know [it].

a. Practice these conversations in pairs, using the original conversation and the suggested variations.

b. Ask about your partner's knowledge of other languages (see vocabulary) and how well s / he knows them. Here are some sentences you may want to use.

मला फारसं येत नाही.məla pharsə: yet nahi.I don't know very much.
मला येतं.məla yetə:I know it.
मला चांगलं येतं.məla čaŋglə: yetə:.I know it well.
मी बोलत नाही.mi bolət nahi.I don't speak it.
मी बोलतो / बोलते.mi bolto / bolte.I speak it.

An American student introduces his / her friends.

A :हे माझे मित्र जॉन आणि बिल.he majhe mitrə ǰon aṇi bil.These are my friends John and Bill.
त्यांना थोडंसं मराठी येतं.tyanna thoḍəsə: məraṭhi yetə:.They know a little Marathi.
M :अरे वा! ते कुठे शिकले?are va! te kuṭhe šikle?Very good! Where did they learn it?
A :पुण्यात.puṇyat.In Pune.

An American student approaches a Maharashtrian.

A :तुम्हाला इंग्रजी येतं का?tumhala iŋgræǰi yetə ka?Do you know English?
M :हो चांगलं येतं.ho, čaŋglə yetə:.Yes, I know (it) well.

In India, as in many countries, large numbers of people are fluent in several languages. Here are a few typical examples.

मी सतीश रानडे.
माझी भाषा मराठी आहे.
शिवाय मला हिंदी आणि इंग्रजी
पण येतं.
mi sətish ranəḍe.
maǰhi bhašha məraṭhi
ahe. šivay məla hindi
aṇi iŋgrəǰi pəṇ yetə:.
I am Satish Ranade.
My language is Marathi.
Besides I know Hindi and
English too.
Marathi text graphicतो सतीश रानडे. त्याची भाषा
मराठी आहे.
शिवाय त्याला हिंदी आणि इंग्रजी
पण येतं.
to sətiš ranəḍe. tyači
bhaša məraṭhi ahe.
šivay tyala hindi aṇi
iŋgrəǰi pəṇ yetə:.
मी मीरा शहा.
माझी भाषा गुजराती आहे.
शिवाय मला हिंदी, मराठी आणि
इंग्रजी पण येतं.
mi mira šəha.
maǰhi bhaša guǰərati ahe.
šivay məla hindi,
məraṭhi aṇi iŋgrəǰi pəṇ yetə:
Marathi text graphicती मीरा शहा. तिची भाषा गुजराती
आहे. शिवाय तिला हिंदी, मराठी
आणि इंग्रजी पण येतं.
ti mira šəha. tiči bhaša
guǰərati ahe. šivay tila
hindi, məraṭhi aṇi
iŋgrəǰi pəṇ yetə:.
हे सलीम शेख.
त्यांची भाषा उर्दू आहे.
आणि त्यांना उत्तम हिंदी
आणि मराठी येतं.
he səlim šekh.
tyanči bhaša urdu ahe.
aṇi tyanna uttəm
hindi aṇi məraṭhi yetə:.
Marathi text graphic
Marathi text graphicह्या डॉक्टर लक्ष्मी.
त्यांची भाषा तेलगु आहे.
शिवाय त्यांना तामिळ, कानडी,
हिंदी, आणि इंग्रजी येत.
hya ḍokṭər ləkšmi.
tyanči bhaša telgu ahe.
šivay tyanna tami,
kanəḍi, hindi aṇi iŋgrəǰi yetə:.

Variations

शिवाय मी हिंदी आणि इंग्रजी पण बोलतो.šivay mi hindi aṇi iŋgrəǰi pəṇ bolto.Besides, I speak Hindi and English too.
शिवाय तो हिंदी आणि इंग्रजी पण बोलतो.šivay to hindi aṇi iŋgrəǰi pəṇ bolto.Besides, he speaks Hindi and English too.
शिवाय मी हिंदी, मराठी आणि इंग्रजी बोलते.šivay mi hindi, məraṭi aṇi iŋgrəǰi bolte.Besides, I speak Hindi, Marathi and English too.
शिवाय ती हिंदी, मराठी आणि इंग्रजी बोलते.šivay ti hindi, məraṭhi aṇi iŋgrəǰi bolte.Besides, she speaks Hindi, Marathi and English too.
आणि ते उत्तम हिंदी आणि मराठी बोलतात.aṇi te uttəm hindi aṇi məraṭhi boltat.And he speaks excellent Hindi and Marathi.
शिवाय त्या तामिळ, कानडी, हिंदी, आणि इंग्रजी बोलतात.šivay tya tami, kanəḍi, hindi aṇi iŋgəǰi boltat.Besides, she speaks Tamil, Kannada, Hindi and English too.
ती फक्त मराठी बोलते.ti phəkta məraṭhi bolte.She speaks only Marathi.

Of course you will find a few monolingual speakers around.

ही अलका माने.
तिची भाषा मराठी आहे.
तिला फक्त* मराठी येतं.
hi əlka mane.
tiči bhaša məraṭhi ahe.
tila pəktə məraṭhi yetə:.
Marathi text graphic
* फक्त phəktə only

a. Quiz each other about the characters sketched above. Useful questions might be:

त्याला / तिला / त्यांना कोणत्या भाषा येतात?tyala / tila / tyanna koṇtya bhaša yetat?which languages does he / she know?
तो / ती / ते / त्या कोणत्या भाषा बोलतो / बोलते / बोलतात?to / ti / te / tya koṇtya bhaša bolto / bolte / boltat?Which languages does he / she speak?

b. Draw identity cards and quiz each other about the language you know (according to the data on your card!).


VOCABULARY

Language names

भाषा, भाषा bhaša, bhaša f. language

मराठी məraṭhi n. Marathi

हिंदी hindi n. Hindi

गुजराती guǰərati n. Gujarati

बंगाली bəŋgali n. Bengali

तामिळ tami n. Tamil

तेलगु telgu n. Telgu

कानडी Kanəḍi n. Kannada

उर्दू urdu n. Urdu

इंग्रजी iŋgrəǰi n. English

Nouns

दिवस divəs, divəs m. day

आठवडा, आठवडे aṭhəvḍa, aṭhvəḍe m. week

Verbs

ये ye- v.i. (irreg.) to come

शिक šik- v.t. (sp.) to learn, study

बोल bol- v.t. (sp.) to speak

Indirect object pronouns

तुम्हाला tumhala to you

मला məla to me

त्याला tyala to him

तिला tila to her

त्यांना tyanna to him / her (resp.), to them

Adverbs and adjectives

थोडं thoḍə: adv. var., adj. a little

सं- -sə: adv. var., adj. diminutive suffix

चांगलं caŋglə: adv. var. well

उत्तम uttəm adj. inv. excellent

फक्त phəktə adv. only

पण pəṇ adv. also

शिवाय šivay adv. besides

Interrogative adjectives

किती kiti adj. inv. how many, how much

Postposition

- -t post. in

Interjections

अरे वा! əre va! interj. exclamation of approval and appreciation.

Names

Surnames

रानडेranəḍeRanade
शहाšəhaShah
शेखšekhShaik
मानेmaneMane

Men's given name

सतीशsətišSatish
सलीमsəlimSalim

Women's given names

मीराmiraMira
लक्ष्मीləkšmiLakshmi
अलकाəlkaAlka

Countries

अमेरिका əmerika f. the United States of America

GRAMMAR NOTE

Before an ending is added, अमेरिका əmərika becomes अमेरिके- əmerike-. The second form is called the oblique form. With some exceptions (such as given names), all Marathi nouns must undergo the same kind of transformation when an ending is added. The ending - -t ("in") in the phrase अमेरिकेत əmeriket is called a postposition - a relational word like an English preposition. As the terms imply, a preposition precedes the noun it relates to while a postposition follows it.

The rules for making nouns oblique before a postposition can be complex, so it is best initially to learn the postposition phrases as intact units - at least until you get the feel for this type of phrase structure.

CULTURAL NOTE

For convenience we have used the picture of a pointing finger to indicate some of the people in this chapter. Actually, from the standpoint of Indian culture a pointing with a finger at someone is unacceptable. The open hand used to indicate Salim Shaikh is more acceptable.

9. आता वाचू या.

आपण नकाशे बघू या.

हा जगाचा नकाशा आहे.

ही पूर्व (दिशा).

ही पश्चिम (दिशा).

ही दक्षिण (दिशा).

ही उत्तर (दिशा).

तुम्ही अमेरिकन आहात का?

हो, मी अमेरिकन आहे.

तुमचं गाव कोणतं?

माझं गाव...

तुम्ही मराठी आहात का?

हो, मी मराठी आहे.

तुमचं गाव कोणतं?

मी पुण्याचा / पुण्याची आहे.

तुम्हाला मराठी येतं का?

हो, (मला) थोडंसं येतं.

अरे वा! कुठे शिकलात?

अमेरिकेत.

किती दिवस शिकलात?

दहा आठवडे.

10. Grammar

A) N N AUX CONSTRUCTIONS

हा जगाचा नकाशा आहे.ha jəgaca nəkaša ahe.This is a map of the world.
ही शहरं आहेत.hi šəhərə: ahet.These are cities.

The sentences above are based on the structures N N Aux 'N (be N.' Aux stands for the verb əs- अस- 'to be'. In This construction əs- अस- serves as a copula, indicating the identity of the first noun with the second. əs- is also used as a main verb and as an auxiliary in various verbal constructions. In this book, for the sake of convenience, we will generally use the word 'auxiliary' to cover all these functions.

In the N N Aux construction the noun is, of course, frequently replace by a pronoun. Note that this pattern is like that introduced in Unit One, except that the copula is used. As we mentioned earlier, the pattern with the copula is the more widely used.

Questions. The same rules for questions formation introduced in Unit One apply here. That is, yes-no questions are formed by adding ka to the statement, and question-word questions are formed by inserting the question word in the place of the desired information.

हे शहर आहे.he šəhər ahe.This is a city.
हे शहर आहे का?he šəhər ahe ka?Is this a city?
हे काय आहे?he kay ahe?What is this?

In question and answer exchange the first noun or pronoun and the auxiliary are often dropped.

हे काय आहे?he kay ahe?
शहर आहे.šəhər ahe.
शहर.šəhər.

Repetition of subject. In the N N Aux construction a pronoun is sometimes inserted after the first noun.

नवी दिल्ली ही भारताची राजधानी आहे.nəvi dilli hi bharətači raǰdhani ahe.New Delhi (this) is Indian's capital.

You may recall that some English speakers do the same thing ('My mother, she is a nurse') but in English this usage is considered non-standard.

B) PERSONAL SUBJECT PRONOUNS

As the set of personal subject pronouns is rather complex, it is convenient to look at each person separately.

Fist person. The first person pronouns are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. First person subject pronouns

Singularमीmi
Excl.आम्हीamhi
Plural
Incl.आपणapəṇ

Note that in the first person plural ('we') Marathi makes a distinction between 'we' excluding and including the person(s) spoken to. For instance, two brothers might say to an outsider आम्ही भाऊ आहोत amhi bhau ahot 'we are brothers' while one brother could say to the other आपण भाऊ आहोत apən bhau ahot 'we are brothers'.

One of the frequently occurring constructions with आपण apəṇ is apəṇ V-u ya 'Let's V' (V = verb.)

आपण नकाशे बघू या apəṇ nəkaše bəghu ya.Let's look at the maps.

The distinction between the exclusive and inclusive 'we' is a very useful one, and one that can avoid a great deal of social awkwardness.

Second person. The second person subject pronouns are given in Table 3.

TABLE 3. Second person subject pronouns

Singular (Familiar)तूtu
Plural / Respectfulतुम्हीtumhi
Honorificआपणapəṇ

Note that the singular is necessarily the familiar form. The plural is used in three ways:

1) to address more than one person whom one would individually address in the singular

2) to address one person in the respectful

3) to address more than one person in the respectful.

It is clear that since the essence of the respectful is using the plural for a single person, the distinction between the plural and respectful is blurred when one is talking to more than one person.

The आपण apəṇ in Table 3 is the same word as the inclusive 'we'. In the second person it is used as a special honorific form, expressing a greater degree of deference than तुम्ही tumhi. The honorific आपण apəṇ is gradually falling out of use, and it will not be used in this book.

Third person. The set of third person subject pronouns is the most complex, as in addition to number and respect there are distinctions of distance and gender. The third person pronouns are given in Table 4.

TABLE 4. Third person subject

ProximateDistant
M FNMFN
Singular (Familiar)हा haही hiहे heतो toती tiते te
Plural / Respectfulहे heह्या hyaही hiते teत्या tyaती ti

The full set of personal subject pronouns is summarized in Table 5. Since the identity of plural and respectful forms has already been discussed, there is no separate mention of the respectful in this table.

TABLE 5. Personal subject pronouns

First PersonSecond PersonThird Person
ProximateDistant
MFNMFN
Singularमी miतू tuहा haही hiहे heतो toती tiते te
Pluralआम्ही amhiतुम्ही tumhiहे heह्या hyaही hiते teत्या tyaती ti
आपण apəṇआपण apəṇ

The personal subject pronouns with their English meanings are summarized below.

मीmiIह्याhyathey, these (f.) she (resp.)
आम्हीamhiwe (excl.)हेhethis (n.)
आपणapəṇwe (incl.)हीhithey, these (n.)
तूtuyou (sg.)तोtohe, that (m.)
तुम्हीtumhiyou (pl. / resp.)तेtethey, those (m.) he (resp.)
आपणapəṇyou (hon.)तीtishe, that (f.)
हाhahe, this (m.)त्याtyathey, those (f.) she (resp.)
हेhethey, these (m.) he (resp.)तेtethat (n.)
हीhishe, this (f.)तीtithey, those (n.)

C) NA (Aux) CONSTRUCTION

तुम्ही कुठले?tumhi kuṭhle?Where are you from? ['You of where?]
मी अमेरिकन आहे.mi əmerikən ahe.I am American.
ती कुठली आहे?ti kuṭhli ahe?Where is she from?
ती भारतीय आहे.ti bharətiyə ahe.She is Indian.
तुम्ही कुठल्या?tumhi kuṭhlya?Where are you from?
मी पुण्याची आहे.mi puṇyači ahe.I am from Pune.
तो मद्रासचा आहे का?to madrasca ahe ka?He is from Madras?

The sentences above are based on the structure N A (Aux). (A stands for 'adjective'. The parenthesis around Aux indicates that it is sometimes omitted.)

In terms of form, adjective are of two kinds: those that are invariable, like अमेरिकन əmerikən and भारतीय bharətiya, and those like कुठलं kuṭhlə: and पुण्याचं puṇyacə: the endings of which vary according to the gender and number of the noun they modify.

Variable adjective endings. You are already familiar with the set of variable adjective endings, as they were presented in Table 1 as the endings for possessive adjectives. This set of endings is one of the most important in the language as it occurs in a great many contexts, including the plural of marked nouns and a number of verbal constructions. The set of variable adjective endings is given in Table. 6.

TABLE 6. Variable adjective endings

MFN
Singularaiə:
Pluraleyai

D) PRESENT TENSE OF THE AUXILIARY

The full paradigm of the present tense of the auxiliary is given in Table 7.

TABLE 7. Present tense of the auxiliary

First PersonSecond PersonThird Person
Singularआहे aheआहेस ahesआहे ahe
Pluralआहोत ahotआहात ahatआहेत ahet

Combining these with the personal subject pronouns we get the paradigm below.

मी आहेmi aheI am
आम्ही आहोतamhi ahotwe are
valign="top">तू आहेसtu ahesyou are
तुम्ही आहातtumhi ahatyou (pl.) are
हा आहेha ahehe, this (m.) is
हे आहेतhe ahetthey, these (m.) are he (resp.) is
ही आहेhi aheshe, this (f.) is
ह्या आहेतhya ahetthey, these (f.) are she (resp.) is
हे आहेhe ahethis (n.) is
ही आहेतhi ahetthey, these (n.) are
तो आहेto ahehe, that (m.) ahe
ते आहेतte ahetthey, those (m.) are he (resp.) is
ती आहेti aheshe, that (f.) is
त्या आहोतtya ahetthey, those (f.) are she (resp.) is
ते आहेte ahethat (n.) is
ती आहेतti ahetthey, those (n.) are

Note that आपण apəṇ is not given in the above paradigm. In the first person plural it takes the same form as आम्ही amhi; in the second person plural it takes the same form as तुम्ही tumhi. Throughout this book we will follow the practice of not giving आपण apəṇ in paradigms.

In casual speech the present auxiliary is usually run together with the preceding words, and the h is reduced or elided. Listen to your instructor's pronunciation, and try to imitate it.

Negative auxiliary. For the negative of the auxiliary, Marathi employs a special negative verb नस- nəs- 'not to be'. The present tense of नस- nəs- is given in Table 8.

TABLE 8. Present tense of negative auxiliary

First PersonSecond PersonThird Person
Singularनाही nahiनाहीस nahisनाही nahi
Pluralनाही nahiनाही nahiनाहीत nahit

Combining these with the personal subject pronouns we get the paradigm below.

मी नाही.mi nahi
आम्ही नाही.amhi nahi
तू नाहीस.tu nahis
तूम्?ही नाही.tumhi nahi
हा, ही, हे नाही.ha, hi, he nahi
हे, ह्या, ही नाहीत.he, hya, hi nahit
तो, ती, ते नाही.to, ti, te hani
ते, त्या, ती नाहीत.te, tya, ti nahit

E) CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS

Although this unit is focused on the auxiliary verb, we have also made occasional use of main verbs which in our formulas we will designate as V.

Marathi verbs can be divided into two classes - transitive and intransitive - according to whether or not they take a direct object.

Transitive verbs are those that can take a direct object; intransitive verbs are those that cannot. In our vocabulary lists transitive verbs are labeled v.t.; intransitive verbs are labeled v.i.

F) THE IMPERFECT A

We have had a number of sentences using the transitive verb बोल- bol- 'to speak' in the construction N N V, 'N V N.' (Note that in the Marathi construction the direct object precedes the verb, while in the corresponding English sentence it follows it.)

तुम्ही मराठी बोलता का?tumhi məraṭhi bolta ka?Do you speak Marathi?
हो, थोडंसं बोलतो / बोलते.ho, tohoḍəsə: bolto / bolte.Yes, I speak little.
तो हिंदी आणि इंग्रजी बोलतो.to hindi aṇi iŋgrəǰi bolto.He speaks Hindi and English.
ती मराठी आणि इंग्रजी बोलते.ti məraṭhi aṇi iŋgrəǰi bolte.She speaks Marathi and English.
ते उत्तम हिंदी आणि मराठी बोलतात.te uttəm hindi aṇi məraṭhi boltat.He speaks excellent Hindi and Marathi.
त्या तामिळ, कानडी, हिंदी आणि इंग्रजी बोलतात.tya tami, kanəḍi, hindi aṇi iŋgrəǰi boltat.She speaks Tamil, Kannada, Hindi and English.

The forms of बोल- bol- in these sentences are in the Imperfect A, construction used for expressing habitual action in the present.* Combined with te personal subject pronouns we get the paradigm below.

मी बोलतोmi boltoI (m.) speak
मी बोलतेmi bolteI (f.) speak
तू बोलतोसtu boltosyou (fam. m.) speak
तू बोलतेसtu boltesyou (fam. f.) speak
तो बोलतोto boltohe (fam.) speaks
ती बोलतेti bolteshe (fam.) speaks
ते बोलतंte boltə:it (fam.) speaks
आम्ही बोलतोamhi boltowe speak
तुम्ही बोलताtumhi boltayou speak
ते, त्या, ती बोलतातte,tya, ti boltathe, she (resp.), they speak

Formation of the Imperfect A. If you study the examples of the Imperfect A above, you will see that the verbal base बोल- bol- is in each case followed by a t. This t is the marker of the imperfect aspect. Following the t are a variety of endings, which are determined (governed) by the person, gender, and number of the subject. The formula for the Imperfect A is: N (N) V-t Eimf.

In this formula N means 'noun'. The first noun is the subject, and the second, the direct object. V- is the verbal base; t, the imperfect market and Eimf the set of personal endings for the Imperfect A.

The Imperfect A endings are given in Table 9 below.

Table 9. Imperfect A endings

SingularPlural
PersonMFN
1oeo
2osesa
3oeə:at
* It should be kept in mind, however, that the terminology here is our own and is not in general use. What we have termed and imperfect and perfect are called the present and the past in traditional Marathi grammar.

Negative. The negative of the Imperfect A does not retain any indication of gender so it is simpler than the affirmative. It has the form N (N) V-t Auxneg.

Here is the full paradigm.

मी मराठी बोलत नाही.mi maraṭhi bolat nahi.I don't speak marathi
मी बोलत नाही.mi bolət nahi.I (m.,f.) don't speak.
तू बोलत नाहीस.tu bolət nahis.You (fam., m. f.)don't speak.
तो, ती, ते बोलत नाही.to, ti, te bolət nahi.he, she, it (fam.)doesn't speak.
आम्ही बोलत नाही.amhi bolət nahi.We don't speak.
तुम्ही बोलत नाही.tumhi bolət nahi.You don't speak.
ते, त्या, ती बोलत नाहीत.te, tya, ti bolət nahit.he, she (resp.),they don't speak.

G) N-la IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION WITH ye-

In a sentence like 'मी मराठी बोलतो' 'mi məraṭhi bolto' the person is the agent; s / he is doing something. Aside from word order, sentences of this type are closely parallel to their English counterparts. There are, however, a number of Marathi constructions where the native speaker of English expects a person to be the agent of the action, but the person is instead the receive of the action. In this unit we have a number of sentences of this type.

तुम्हाला मराठी येतं का?tumhala məraṭhi yetə: ka?
हो, मला थोडंसं येतं.ho, məla thoḍəsə: yetə:.
त्याला हिंदी आणि मराठी येतं.tyala hindi aṇi məraṭhi yetə:.

The literal meaning of the first sentence is 'Does Marathi come to you?'. In these sentences the pronoun referring to the person is the indirect object rather than the subject.

The form of this impersonal construction in the imperfect A is:

N-la N V-t E imf.

In this construction the ending is governed by the gender and number of the second noun. The endings are the regular Imperfect A endings, but are, of course, restricted to the third person.

Note how the ending of the verb changes according to the gender and number of the second noun.

त्याला मराठी येतं.tyala məraṭhi yetə:.
त्याला आमची भाषा येते का?tyala amči bhaša yete ka?
त्याला तीन भाषा येतात.tyala tin bhaša yetat.

Since मराठी məraṭhi is neuter, in the first sentence the verb has the neuter singular ending ə:. Similarly, in the second sentence आमची भाषा amči bhaša is feminine, so the verb ending is the feminine singular e. In the third sentence तीन भाषा tin bhaša is plural so the verb has the plural ending. at. (Keep in mind that in the plural of the Imperfect A there is no distinction of gender.)

When the first noun or pronoun is plural (or respectful), ना na is used instead of लाla.

मुलांना तीन भाषा येतात.mulanna tin bhaša yetatThe children know three languages.
त्यांना तीन भाषा येतात.tyanna tin bhaša yetat.He / she / they know three languages.

Negative. The negative of the impersonal construction we are dealing with is: N-la N V-t Aux neg.

मला मराठी येत नाही.məla məraṭhi yet nahi.I don't know Marathi.

H) INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN FORMS

The indirect object pronouns are basically formed by adding ला la 'to' to the subject pronouns. However, in some cases the original pronouns undergo slight changes. The indirect object pronouns which have been introduced so far are listed below, along with the corresponding subject pronouns.

subject pronounIndirect Object Pronoun
मीmiमलाməla
तुम्हीtumhiतुम्हालाtumhala
तोtoत्यालाtyala
तीtiतिलाtila
ते, त्या, तीte, tya, tiत्यांनाtyanna

Remember that these forms means 'to me', 'to you', etc.

I) THE PERFECT ASPECT

We have encountered three sentences using the verb šik- शिक- in the Perfect, a construction used for expressing completed action as in the past.

तुम्ही कुठे शिकलात?tumhi kuṭhe šiklat?
किती दिवस शिकलात?kiti divəs šiklat?
ते कुठे शिकले?te kuṭhe šikle?

Note that the verbal base शिक- šik- is following in each case by a l, which is the Perfect market, plus various endings, which are governed by the person, gender, and number of the subject. So far we have encountered two:

तुम्ही शिकलात.tumhi šiklatYou learned
ते शिकले.te šiklethey (m), he (resp.)

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Practice using the subject pronouns using yourself as the point of reference, and pointing to the other members of the class. For respectful forms, mention the names of your instructor or other members of the faculty.

B. Give the pronoun that can be substituted for each noun or noun phrase. Use distant forms for the third person.

1. माझा मित्रmajha mitrə6. अरुण आणि मीəruṇ aṇi mi
2. माझी मैत्रीणmaǰhi məitriṇ7. मुलगाmulga
3. मुलंmulə:8. सुरेश आणि दिलीपsureš aṇi dilip
4. सुनीता आणि उमाsunita aṇi uma9. तू आणि माधवtu aṇi madhəv
5. आईai10. तू आणि मीtu aṇi mi

C. Give the form of the present auxiliary required for each noun or pronoun.

1. मीmi6. तुम्हीtumhi
2. माझी मैत्रीणmaǰhi məitriṇ7. माझा मित्रmaǰha mitrə
3. आम्हीamhi8. माझी बहीणmaǰhi bəhiṇ
4. तूtu9. आपणapəṇ
5. हाha10. मुलंmulə:

D. Repeat the above exercise, using the negative auxiliary.

E. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate from of the auxiliary, first affirmative, then negative.

1. मी अमेरिकन ...mi əmerikən...
2. तुम्ही भारतीय ...का?tumhi bharətiya ... ka?
3. तू पुण्याचा .. का?tu puṇyača .. ka?
4. आम्ही अमेरिकन...amhi əmerikən...
5. आमचे मित्र फ्रेंच...amce mitrə frenč...

F. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of puṇyacə: पुण्याचं.

1. राम ... आहे.ram ... ahe.
2. वैशाली ... आहे.vəišali ... ahe.
3. अरुण पवार ... आहेत.əruṇ pəvar .. ahet.
4. उमा देशमुख ... आहेत.uma dešmukh ... ahet.
5. तुम्ही ... का? (use f. pl.)tumhi .. ka? (use f. pl.)
6. तुम्ही ... का? (use f. pl.)tumhi ...ka? (use m. pl.)

G. Complete the following sentence with the appropriate Imperfect A form of मराठी बोल- məraṭhi bol-. Use the familiar for the first two, the respectful for the next two.

1. सतीश रानडे..sətiš ranəḍe ...
2. मीरा शहा...mira šəha ...
3. सलीम शेख...səlim šekh ...
4. डॉक्टर लक्ष्मी..ḍɔkṭər ləkšmi ...
5. मी..mi ...
6. मेरी...meri ...
7. बिल..bil ...

H. Repeat the above exercise using मराठी शिक- məraṭhi šik- with the appropriate Imperfect A Forms.

I. Repeat both G. and H. above using the appropriate negative Imperfect forms.

J. Use each of the following pronouns or names in the frame-ला मराठी येतं -la məraṭhi yetə:.

1. मीmi
2. तीti (sg.)
3. आम्हीamhi
4. तुम्हीtumhi
5. तूto
6. सतीशsətiš
7. सलीम शेखsəlim šekh
8. डॉक्टर लक्ष्मीḍɔkṭər ləkšmi

K. Repeat exercise J in the negative.

L. Translate the following sentence into Marathi.

1. Where is New Delhi?

2. I am not German.

3. I am American.

4. We are American.

5. Are you Maharashtrian? (Use resp.)

6. What town are you from? (Use resp.)

7. What town are you from? (Use fam.)

8. Milwaukee is a city.

9. Wisconsin is a state.

10. Is Sunil from Kolhapur?

11. No, he's from Solapur.

12. Prof. Joshi is from Nagpur.

13. Is Prof. Kamble from Nagpur too?

14. Do you know Marathi?

15. Does your friend speak Marathi?

M. Give the plural of each noun.

1. नावnav9. पुरुषpuruš17. नदीnədi
2. गावgav10. देशdeš18. वहिनीvəhini
3. मूलmul11. दिवसdivəs 19. बाई bai
4. बाळba12. नकाशाnəkaša 20. राजधानीraǰdhani
5. शहरšəhər13. महिनाməhina21. बहीणbəhiṇ
6. राज्यraǰyə14. आठवडाaṭhəvḍa22. मैत्रीणməitriṇ
7. भाऊbhau15. आईai
8. मित्रmitrə16. आजीaji

Unit Three

Naming Things,
Placing Things,
Commands


11. What Is This?

Meena tells Jenny the names and gender of objects Jenny takes of her bag. These are all in answer to Jenny's question: हे काय आहे? he kay ahe? 'What is this?'.

Marathi text graphic ही बॅग आहे.
hi bæg ahe.
Marathi text graphic हे पुस्तक आहे.
he pustək ahe.
Marathi text graphic ही वही आहे.
hi vəhi ahe.
Marathi text graphic हा कागद आहे.
ha kagəd ahe.
Marathi text graphic हे पेन आहे.
he pen ahe.
Marathi text graphic ही पेन्सिल आहे.
hi pensil ahe.
Marathi text graphic हा चष्मा आहे.
ha čəšma ahe.
Marathi text graphic हा चाकू आहे.
ha caku ahe.
Marathi text graphic हा कॅल्क्युलेटर आहे.
ha kælkyuleṭər ahe.

Jenny now asks about objects she has in her room.

Marathi text graphic हा स्टेपलर आहे.
ha sṭeplər ahe.
Marathi text graphic हा रेडिओ आहे.
ha reḍio ahe.
Marathi text graphic हा कॉम्प्युटर आहे.
ha kɔmpyuṭər ahe.
Marathi text graphic हा टेलिफोन आहे.
ha ṭelifon ahe.
Marathi text graphic हे घड्याळ आहे.
he ghəḍya ahe.
Marathi text graphic हा टेपरेकॉर्डर आहे.
ha ṭep rekɔrḍər ahe.

Now Jenny asks about the features of the structure that surrounds her and the furniture it contains.

Marathi text graphicहे घर आहे.

he ghər ahe.

Marathi text graphicही खोली आहे.

hi kholi ahe.

Marathi text graphicहे टेबल आहे.
he ṭebəl ahe.
Marathi text graphicही खुर्ची आहे.
he khurči ahe.
Marathi text graphicहा दिवा आहे.
ha diva ahe.
Marathi text graphicहे कपाट आहे.
he kəpaṭ ahe.
Marathi text graphicहे शेल्फ आहे.
he šelph ahe.

And finally Jenny asks the names of objects used everyday in her Marathi class.

Marathi text graphicहा फळा आहे.
ha phəa ahe.
Marathi text graphicहा डस्टर आहे.
ha ḍəsṭər ahe.
Marathi text graphicहा खडू आहे.
ha khəḍu ahe.

Go round your class or group, each one in turn asking the next person to identify one of the objects in the picture or one of the corresponding real objects you have with you or see around you.


Now Jenny finds out the plurals of all names of the objects she has learned from Meena.

Marathi text graphicह्या बॅगा आहेत.
hya bæga ahet.
Marathi text graphicही पुस्तकं आहेत.
hi pustəkə: ahet.

ह्या वह्या आहेत.
hya vəhya ahet.

हे कागद आहेत.
he kagəd ahet.

ही पेनं आहेत.
hi penə: ahet.
Marathi text graphicह्या पेन्सिली आहेत.
hya pensili ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे चष्मे आहेत.
he čəšme ahet.
Marathi text graphic हे चाकू आहेत.
he caku ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे कॅल्क्युलेटर आहेत.
he kælkyuleṭər ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे कॉम्प्युटर आहेत.
he kɔmpyuṭər ahet.
Marathi text graphic हे रेडिओ आहेत.
he reḍio ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे टेलिफोन आहेत.
he ṭelifon ahet.
Marathi text graphicही घड्याळं आहेत.
hi ghəḍyaə: ahet.
Marathi text graphic हे टेपरेकॉर्डर आहेत.
he ṭep rɔkorḍər ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे स्टेपलर आहेत.
he sṭeplər ahet.
Marathi text graphicही घरं आहेत.
hi ghərə: ahet.
Marathi text graphic
Marathi text graphicह्या खोल्या आहेत.

hya kholya ahet.

Marathi text graphicही टेबलं आहेत.
hi ṭeblə: ahet.
Marathi text graphic ह्या खुर्च्या आहेत.
hya khurčya ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे दिवे आहेत.
he dive ahet.
Marathi text graphicही कपाटं आहेत.
hi kəpəṭə: ahet.
Marathi text graphicही शेल्फं आहेत.
hi šelphə: ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे फळे आहेत.
he phəe ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे डस्टर आहेत.
he ḍəsṭər ahet.
Marathi text graphicहे खडू आहेत.
he khəḍu ahet.

a. Go round your class or group, each one in turn asking the next person the plural of one of the objects in the pictures or corresponding real objects. Use the pattern of the following example:

एक पुस्तक, दोन ...?ek pustək, don...?
दोन पुस्तकं.don pustəkə:.

This is a good way to drill all the nouns in your vocabulary lists.

b. Make vocabulary cards by making at least two Xerox copies of these pictures, and pasting each picture on a separate card. You can then play a variety of games. Here are a few suggestions.

i) Concentration 1. Put cards face down. The first player turns up two cards. If they are a pair s / he keeps them; if not, s / he puts them in the same position. Subsequent players try to make pairs by remembering the position of each card. Each time a player makes a pair s / he should say the Marathi word.

ii) Concentration 2. One person deals out a set of six or seven cards, leaving them up for a moment, then turning them over. Then the other members of the group should name the objects in the set.

iii) You can devise your own Rummy-type games for drilling this and other vocabulary.


VOCABULARY

Nouns

Neuter nouns

पुस्तक, पुस्तकं pustək, pustəkə: n. book

पेन, पेनं pen, penə: n. pen

घड्याळ, घड्याळं ghəḍya, ghəḍyaə: n. clock

टेबल, टेबलं ṭebəl, ṭeblə: n. table.

घर, घरं ghər, ghərə: n. house

शेल्फ, शेल्फं šelph, šelphə: n. shelf

छत, छतं čhət, čhətə: n. ceiling

दार, दारं dar, darə: n. door

कपाट, कपाटं kəpaṭ, kəpaṭə: n. cupboard

Feminine nouns

वही, वह्या vəhi, vəhya f. notebook

खोली, खोल्या kholi, kholya f. room

खिडकी, खिडक्या khiḍki, khiḍkya f. window

खुर्ची, खुर्च्या khurči, khurčya f. chair

पेन्सिल, पेन्सिली pensil, pensili f.(i) pencil

भिंत, भिंती bhintə, bhinti f.(i) wall

बॅग, बॅगा bæg, bæga f.(e) bag

जमीन jəmin f.(i) floor

Masculine nouns

चष्मा, चष्मे čašma, čašme m. glasses

दिवा, दिवे diva, dive m. lamp, light

फळा, फळे phəa, phəe m. chalkboard

पंखा, पंखे peŋkha, peŋkhe m. fan

कागद, कागद kagəd, kagəd m. paper, piece of paper

कॅल्क्युलेटर, कँल्क्युलेटर kælkyuleṭər, kælkyuleṭər m. calculator

कॉम्प्युटर, कॉम्प्युटर kɔmpyuṭər, kɔmpyuṭər m. computer

टेप रेकॉर्डर, टेप रेकॉर्डर ṭep rekɔrḍər, ṭep rikɔrḍər m. tape recorder

स्टेपलर, स्टेपलर sṭeplər, sṭeplər m. stapler

टेलिफोन, टेलिफोन ṭelifon, ṭelifon m. telephone

रेडिओ, रेडिओ reḍio, reḍio m. radio

चाकू, चाकू caku, caku m. knife

Pronouns

हे he pron. this (n.)

12. This Is Jane's Bag

Jenny's friend Jane has her bag open on a table near by, with some of the contents displayed. Meena quizzes Jenny about them.

Marathi text graphic M :ही बॅग कोणाची आहे?hi bæg koṇači ahe?Whose bag is this? J :ती जेनची आहे.ti ǰenči ahe?It's Jane's. M :बॅगेत काय काय दिसतं?bæget kay kay distə:?What all do you see in the bag? the bag? ['In the bag what what appears?'] J :कागद दिसतात, पेन, पेन्सिल आणि फुटपट्‌्टी दिसतात.kagəd distat, pen, pensil aṇi phuṭpaṭṭi distat.You see papers, a pen, a pencil and a ruler. M :बॅगेजवळ काय आहे?bægejəvə kay ahe?What is near the bag? J :पुस्तकं आहेत, रुमाल आहे, बॅटरी, चष्मा, आरसा - आणि इतर पुष्कळ वस्तू आहेत.pustəkə: ahet, rumal ahe, bæṭri, čəšma, arsa aṇi itər puškə vəstu ahet.There are books, a handkerchief, flashlight, glasses, a mirror, and many other things.
M :कंगवा आहे का?kəŋgva ahe ka?Is there a comb?
J :हो, आहे.ho ahe.Yes, there is.
M :टुथब्रश आणि टुथपेस्ट आहे का?ṭuthbrəš ani ṭuthpesṭ ahe ka?Are there a toothbrush and toothpaste?
J :नाही.nahiNo.
M :किती पुस्तकं दिसतात?kiti pustəkə: ditat?How many books do you see?
J :तीन पुस्तकं दिसतात.tin pustəkə: distat.You can see three books.

a. Answer the following questions about the picture above.

ही बॅग डेबीची आहे का?hi bæg ḍebiči ahe ka?
बॅगेत पेन दिसतं का?bæget pen distə: ka?
बॅगेत चष्मा दिसतो का?bæget čəšma disto ka?
बॅगेजवळ किती पेनं आहेत?bægejəvəl kiti penə: ahet?

b. Ask each other additional questions about the picture.

c. Talk about the contents of your own bags.


Jenny and Meena look at a photo of the college dorm room of Jenny's friend Jim Taylor.

Marathi text graphic M :ही खोली कोणाची आहे?hi kohli koṇači ahe?Whose room is this? J :ती जिमची आहे.ti ǰimči ahe.It's Jim's. M :खोलीमधे काय काय दिसतं?kholimədhe kay kay distə:?What all do you see in the room? J :कॉम्प्युटर दिसतो, रेडिओ दिसतो, कपडे आणि बुट दिसतात.kɔmpyuṭər disto, reḍio disto, kəpḍe aṇi buṭ distat.You see a computer, a radio, clothes and shoes. M :खाट दिसते का?khaṭ diste ka?Do you see a cot? J :नाही.nahi.No. M :आणि सतरंजी?aṇi sətrənǰi?And a carpet? J :हो सतरंजी दिसते.ho, sətrənǰi diste.Yes, you see a carpet.

Variation

खोलीमध्ये काय काय आहे?kholimədhe kay kay ahe?What is there in the room?

a. Talk about what you see in the room, or what is in the room. (You may want to go beyond what you see in the picture.) Here are some words you will want to use.

मोजाmojasock
मगməgmug
टोपलीṭoplibasket
ड्रावरḍravərdrawer
सतरंजीsətrənǰicarpet
खाटkhaṭcot

b. Talk about what there is in you own room.


Meena quizzes Jenny about the location of objects in the photo.

M :कॉम्प्युटर कुठे आहे?kɔmpuṭər kuṭhe ahe?Where is the computer?
J :टेबलावर आहे.ṭeblavər ahe.It's on the table.
M :मोजा कुठे आहे.moja kuṭhe ahe?Where is the sock?
J :खुर्चीवर आहे.khurčivər ahe.It's on the chair.
M :टेप रेकॉर्डर टेबलावर आहे का?ṭep rekərḍər ṭeblavər ahe ka?Is the tape recorder on the table?
J :नाही, तो जमिनीवर आहे.nahi, to jəminivər ahe.No, it's on the floor.
M :जिमचं घड्याळ दिसत नाही. ते कुठे आहे?ǰimcə: ghəḍya disət nahi. Te kuṭhe ahe?I don't see Jim's clock. Where is it?
J :मला माहीत नाही.məla mahit nahi.I don't know.
M :आणि जिमची बॅटरी?aṇi ǰimči bæṭri?And Jim's flashlight?
J :कपाटात आहे.kəpaṭat ahe.It's in the cupboard.
M :टोपली दिसते का?ṭopli ḍiste ka?Do you see a (waste) basket?
J :हो, ती ड्रॉवरजवळ आहे.ho, ti ḍravər jəvə ahe.Yes, it's near the drawer.

a. Answer the following questions.

टेलिफोन कुठे आहे?ṭelifon kuṭhe ahe?
मग कुठे आहेत?məg kuṭhe ahet?
रेडिओ कुठे आहे?reḍio kuṭhe ahe?
खुर्चीवर पुस्तक आहे का?khurčivər pustək ahe ka?
शेल्फवर किती पुस्तकं आहेत?šelphvər kiti pustəkə: ahet?

b. Ask each other more questions on the pattern above.


Now Jenny and Meena talk about what you can see outside, through Jim's window.

M :खॢडकीतून काय दिसतं?khiḍkitun kay distə:?What do you see through the window?
J :झाड दिसतं, पक्षी दिसतात.jhaḍ distə:, pəkši distat.You see a tree and birds.
M :आकाश दिसतं का?akaš distə: ka?Do you see the sky?
J :हो, आणि गवत पण दिसतं.ho, aṇi gəvət pəṇ distə:.Yes, and you see grass too.

List everything that you see in the following picture,* using the verb दिस - dis-as in the pattern illustrated above. You can also do this as competing groups to see who lists the largest number of things correctly within a given time.

Here are a few additional words you may want to use.

Marathi text graphic सूर्यsuryasun चंद्रčəndrəmoon चांदणीcandəṇistar बागbaggarden फूलphulflower पानpanleaf डोंगरḍoŋgərhill कुत्रंkutrə:dog मांजरmanjərcat बैलbəilbullock ढगḍhəgcloud
* Reprinted from Marathi Illustrated Vocabulary (New Delhi: AIIS, 1983), P. 3.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

वस्तू, वस्तू vəstu, vəstu f. thing

फुटपट्टी, फुटपट्ट्या phuṭpəṭṭi, phutpəṭṭya f. ruler

रुमाल, रुमाल rumal, rumal m. handkerchief

बॅटरी, बॅटऱ्या bæṭri, bæṭrya f. flashlight

आरसा, आरसे arsa, arse m. mirror

कंगवा, कंगवे kəŋva, kəŋgve m. comb

टुथब्रश, टुथब्रश ṭuthbrəš, ṭuthbrəš m. toothbrush

टुथपेस्ट ṭuthpesṭ f. toothpaste

कपडा, कपडे kəpḍa, kəpḍe m. article of clothing. In pl. clothes

बूट, बूट buṭ, buṭ m. shoe

मोजा, मोजे moja, moje m. sock

मग, मग məg, məg m. mug

बाटली, बाटल्या baṭli, baṭlya f. bottle

टोपली, टोपल्या ṭopli, ṭoplya f. basket

ड्रॉवर, ड्रॉवर ḍravər, ḍravər m. drawer

सतरंजी, सतरंज्या sətrənǰi, sətrənǰya f. carpet

खाट, खाटा khaṭ, khaṭa f.(e) cot, bed

झा॰, झाडं jhaḍ, jhaḍə: n. tree

पक्षी, पक्षी pəkši, pəkši m. bird

आकाश akaš n. sky

सूर्य, सूर्य suryə, suryə m. sun

चंद्र, चंद्र čəndrə, čəndrə m. moon

चांदणी, चांदण्या candəṇi, candəṇya f. star

बाग, बागा bag, baga f.(e) garden, park

फूल, फुलं phul, phulə: n. flower

पान, पानं pan, panə: n. leaf

गवत gəvət n. grass

डोंगर, डोंगर ḍoŋgər, ḍoŋgər m. hill

कुत्रं, कुत्री kutrə:, kutri n. dog

मांजर, मांजरं manjər, manjərə: n. cat

बैल, बैल bəil, bəil m. bullock

ढग, ढग ḍhəg, ḍhəg m. cloud

Adjectives

कोणाचं koṇacə: adj. whose

चं cə: adj. post. adjectival postposition added to a noun to make the possessive

इतर itər adj. inv. other

पुष्कळ puškə adj. inv. much, many

Postpositions

-त-t post. variant of आत in

-जवळ-jəvə post. near

-मधे-mədhe post. in

-वर-vər post. on

-तून- tun post. through, from within

Verbs

दिस- dis- v.i. (N-la impers.) to be visible, be seen, appear

Phrases

बॅगेतbægetin the bag
बॅगेजवळbægejəvənear the bag
खोलीमधेkholimədhein the room
टेबलावरṭebəlavəron the table
खुर्चीवरkurčivəron the chair
जमिनीवरjəminivəron the floor
सतरंजीवरsətrənǰivəron the carpet
कपाटातkəpaṭatin the cupboard
शेल्फवरšelphvəron the shelf
खिडकीतूनkhiḍkitunthrough the window

WORD STUDY

1. मधे mədhe is a spoken from. The written form is मध्ये mḍdhye .This is a postposition whose sense overlaps that of the postposition- -t, which we first encountered in the postpositional phrase अमेरिकेत ameriket in Unit 2. A postposition, as we have seen, is a relational word like an English preposition; but as its name indicates, a postposition follows the noun it relates to. As you will see in the example phrases above in the Vocabulary, the noun will change to its oblique form before a postposition is added to it. The rules for making nouns oblique depend on their gender and number, making the rules quite complicated. (You may have noticed however that feminine nouns ending in i such as खोली kholi do not change in the oblique.) For the time being it is probably best still to learn the postpositional phrases as intact units.

2. कुत्रं kutrə: and मांजर manjar are both neuter, and refer to a dog or cat respectively, when the sex of the animal is not relevant. To specify a male dog one uses the word कुत्रा kutra m. and to specify a female dog, कुत्री kutri f. A female cat is called a मांजरी manjəri f. and a male, बोका boka m.

13. Let's Begin

The instructor comes into classroom and starts the lesson.

I:आपण सुरू करू या.apəṇ suru kəru ya.Let's begin.
..., दार लाव ना...., dar lav na...., please, close the door.
दिवाही लाव.divahi lav.Turn on the light too.
आणि खिडकी उघड.aṇi khiḍki ughəḍ.And open the window.

A late-coming student stands at the door.

S :मी आत येऊ का,mi at yeu ka,May I come in,
सर / मॅडम?sər / mæḍəm?Sir / Madam?
I:ये.ye.Come in.

The instruction shows a picture of a city street.

I :आता आपण हे चित्र बघू या.ata apəṇ he citrə bəghu ya.Now let's look at this picture.
Marathi text graphic I :बघा. ऐका.bəgha. əika.Look. Listen. हा रस्ता आहे.ha rəsta ahe.This is a street. ही बाजारपेठ आहे.hi bajarpeṭh ahe.This is business district.
हा चौक आहे.ha cəuk ahe.This is an intersection.
हे दुकान आहे.he dukan ahe.This is a shop.
ही इमारत आहे.hi imarət ahe.This is a building.
हे देऊळ आहे.he deu ahe.This is a temple.
ही गाडी आहे.hi gaḍi ahe.This is a car.
ही रिक्षा आहे.hi rikša ahe.This is a rickshaw.
ही स्कूटर आहे.hi skuṭər ahe.This is a motor scooter.
ही सायकल आहे.hi saykəl ahe.This is a bicycle.
आता तुम्ही म्हणा.ata tumhi mhəṇa.Now you say (them).
सगळ्यांनी मिळून म्हणा.səgyanni miun mhəṇa.Say (them) all together.
परत म्हणा.pərət mhəṇa.Say (them) again.

The class talks about the meanings of Marathi words.

I:'रस्ता' म्हणजे काय?'rəsta' mhəṇǰe kay?What does 'rəsta' mean?
S:'रस्ता' म्हणजे 'रोड', 'स्ट्रीट'.'rəsta' mhəṇǰe 'roḍ', 'sṭriṭ.''rətsa' means 'road', 'street'.
I:'देऊळ' म्हणजे काय?'deu' mhəṇǰe kay?What does 'deu' mean?
S:'देऊळ' म्हणजे 'टेम्पल'.'deu' mhəṇǰe 'ṭemple'.'deu' means 'temple'.
I:बरोबर आहे.bərobər ahe.That's right.
I:'चौक' म्हणजे काय?'cəuk' mhəṇǰe kay?What does 'cəuk' means?
S:'चौक' म्हणजे 'कॉर्नर'.'cəuk' mhəṇǰe 'kornər'.'cəuk' means 'corner'.
I:चूक. 'चौक' म्हणजे 'इंटरसेक्शन'.cuk. 'cəuk' mhəṇǰe 'iṇṭərsekšən'. That's incorrect. 'cəuk' means 'intersection'.
I:..., आता तू प्रश्न विचार.... ata tu prəšnə vičar.... now you ask a question.
S1:'रस्ता' म्हणजे काय?'rəsta' mhəṇǰe kay?What does 'rəsta' mean?
S2:'रस्ता' म्हणजे 'स्ट्रीट'.'rəsta' mhəṇǰe 'strit'.'rəsta' means 'street'.
I:..., दुकान दाखव...., dukan dakhəv...., point out a shop.
S:हे दुकान आहे.he dukan ahe.This is a shop.
I:बरोबर आहे.bərobər ahe.That's right.

a. Replying to the question हे काय आहे? he kay ahe? identify the objects in the picture your instructor or another student point at.

b. Go through the nouns in the vocabulary at the end of this chapter asking the English meanings of the Marathi words using the pattern just illustrated. Take turns having one person in each group of three or four quiz the others in the group. If one person offers a wrong answer, proceed to the next until correct answer is produced.

c. Extend this same exercize to all the vocabulary items you have learned thus far.


Asking for Marathi Equivalents

You may have realized by now that it is a bit childish to ask हे काय आहे? he kay ahe? about things like books, tables, and chairs. You recognize the objects; what you want to know is what they are called in Marathi. The more appropriate question is:

मराठीत ह्याला काय म्हणतात?məraṭhit hyala kay mhəṇtat?'What do they call this in Marathi?' ['In Marathi to this what do they say?']
मराठीत ह्याला काय म्हणतात?məraṭhit hyala kay mhəṇtat?'What do they call this in Marathi?'
ह्याला दिवा म्हणतात.hyala diva mhəṇtat.They call it 'diva'.

You can use this construction when the actual object is not present. All you need to do is substitute the English word plus -ला -la.

मराठीत लाईटला काय म्हणतात?məraṭhit 'laiṭ'-la kay mhəṇtat?How do they say 'light' in Marathi?
दिवा म्हणतात.diva mhəṇtat.They say 'diva'.

a. Go around the circle of your class or group, each person in turn asking his / her neighbor the Marathi equivalent for things you see in the picture at the beginning of the chapter using the pattern just illustrated.

b. You can now extend this to all the vocabulary items you have learned thus far. This works best in groups of three or four. Take turns having one member of each group quiz the others in the group about the Marathi equivalents for vocabulary in each chapter. If one person offers a wrong answer proceed to the next person until the right answer is produced.


The instructor asks what things are called in Marathi.

I:मराठीत 'टेम्पल' ला काय म्हणतात?məraṭhit 'tempəl-la' kay mhəṇtat?How do they say 'temple' in Marathi?
S:देऊळ म्हणतात.deu mhəṇtat.They say 'deul'.
I:बरोबर. 'रोड' ला काय म्हणतात?bərobər. 'roḍ-la' kay mhəṇtat?Correct. How do they say d'?
S:चौक म्हणतात.cəuk mhəṇtat.They say 'cəuk'.
I:चूक..., तू सांग.cuk ..., tu sang.Wrong..., you tell us.
S:'रोड' ला रस्ता म्हणतात.'roḍ-la' rəsta mhəṇtat.They say 'rəsta' for road.
I:बरोबर.bərobər.Correct.

Sometimes you will not understand a question or will not know or will not remember the answer.

I :'बाजारपेठ' म्हणजे काय?'bajarpeṭh' mhəṇǰe kay?What does 'bajarpeth' mean?
S :मला समजलं नाही.məla səməjlə: nahi.I haven't understood.
तुम्ही परत विचारता का?tumhi pərət vičarta ka?Would you please ask again?
I :'बाजारपेठ' म्हणजे काय?'bajarpeṭh' mhəṇǰe kay?What does 'bajarpeth' mean?
S :आता समजलं.ata samajlə:.Now I have understood.
'बाजारपेठ' म्हणजे 'बिझनेस डिस्ट्रिक्ट'.'bajarpeṭh' mhəṇǰe 'bijines disṭrikṭ.''bajarpeth' means 'business district'.
I :..., तुला समजलं का?..., tula səməjle: ka?.., have you understood?
S :हो, (मला) समजलं.ho, (məla) səməjle:Yes, (I) have understood.
I :'देऊळ' म्हणजे काय?'deu' mhəṇǰe kay?What does 'deul' mean? ...,
..., तू सांगतोस / सांगतेस का?..., tu saŋgtos / saŋgtes ka?would you tell (us)?
S :मला आठवत नाही.məla aṭhəvət nahi.I can't remember ['to me it is not being remembered'.]
I :..., तू सांग...., tu saŋg...., you tell us.
S :मला माहीत नाही.məla mahit nahi.I don't know ['to me it is not known'].
I :'देऊळ' म्हणजे 'टेम्पल'.'deu' mhəṇǰe 'ṭempəl'.'deul' means 'temple'.
S :मी प्रश्न विचारू का?mi prəšnə vičaru ka?May I ask a question?
I : विचार की!vičar ki!Of course ['Ask!']
S :मराठीत 'डोर'ला काय म्हणतात?məraṭhit 'ḍor'la kay mhəṇtat?How do they say 'door' in Marathi?
I :दार म्हणतात.dar mhəṇtat.They say 'dar'.

Variations

जरा सावकाश बोला.jəra savkaš bola.Please speak slowly.

The Imperative

The conversations in this chapter contain a number of imperative (command) forms.

दार लाव.dar lav.Close the door.
दिवाही लाव.divahi lav.Turn on the light too.
खिडकी उघड.khiḍki ughəḍ.Open the window.
ये.ye.Come.
बस.bəs.Sir down.
तू सांग.tu saŋg.You tell.
आता तुम्ही म्हणा.ata tumhi mhəṇa.Now you (all) say it.
आता तू प्रश्न विचार.ata tu prəšnə vičar.Now you ask a question.

The imperative has two forms: singular and plural. As you would except, the plural also serves as the respectful. Below are the singular and plural forms of the verbs used so far in this chapter.

Singular / familiarPlural / Respectful
लावlavलावाlava
उघडughəḍउघडाughḍa
येyeयाya
बसbəsबसाbəsa
बघbəghबघाbəgha
ऐकəikऐकाəika
म्हणmhəṇम्हणाmhəṇa
दाखवdakhəvदाखवाdakhva
विचारvičarविचाराvičara
सांगsaŋgसांगाsaŋga

a. Break up into groups and practice the familiar imperative forms in the list above. One student should give the Marathi command, and the second should pantomime the action. Where necessary add a direct object, e.g., दार उघड dar ughəḍ, 'देऊळ' म्हण 'deu' mhəṇ.

b. Repeat the exercise, using the plural / respectful forms.


More classroom Instructions

Here are some more commonly-used classroom instructions. Both the singular and plural forms are given.

हा शब्द दाखव / दाखवा.ha šəbdə dakhəv / dakhva.Point out the word.
हे शब्द वाच / वाचा.he šəbdə vac / vaca.Read these words.
ही वाक्य लिही / लिहा.hi vakyə lihi / liha.Write these sentences.
हे शब्द पाठ कर / करा.he šəbdə paṭh kər / kəra.Memorize these words.
उत्तर दे / द्या.uttər de / dya.Give the answer.
मराठीत बोल / बोला.məraṭhit bol / bola.Speak in Marathi.
पुस्तकं टेबलावर ठेव.pustəkə: teblavər ṭhev.Put the books on the table.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

चित्र, चित्रं čitrə, čitrə: n. picture

रस्ता, रस्ते rəsta, rəste m. road, street

बाजारपेठ, बाजारपेठा bajarpeṭh, bajarpeṭha f.(e) business district

चौक, चौक cəuk, cəuk m. intersection

इमारत, इमारती imarət, imarti f. (i) building.

दुकान, दुकानं dukan, dukanə: n. shop

देऊळ, देवळं deu, devə: n. temple

गाडी, गाड्या gaḍi, gaḍya f. car

रिक्षा, रिक्षा rikša, rikša f. rickshaw

स्कूटर, स्कूटर skuṭər, skuṭər f. motor scooter

सायकल, सायकली saykəl, saykəli f. bicycle

शब्द, शब्द šəbdə, šəbdə m. word.

वाक्य, वाक्यं vakyə, vakyə: n. sentence

प्रश्न, प्रश्न prəšnə, prəšnə m. question

उत्तर, उत्तरं uttər, uttərə: n. answer

0 दे- de- to answer

सर sər m. pl. term of reference or address for a teacher or other professional man

मॅडम mæḍəm f. pl. term of reference or address for a teacher or other professional woman

Verbs

लाव- lav- v.t. to close, turn on

उघड ughəḍ- v.t. to open

ऐक- əik- v.t. to listen, hear

म्हण- mhəṇ- v.t. (irreg.) v.t. (sp.) to say

विचार vičar- v.t. to ask

दाखव dakhəv- v.t. to show

सांग saŋg- v.t. (irreg.) to tell

वाच vac- v.t. to read

लिह / लिही- lih- / lihi- v.t. to write

ठेव- ṭhev- v.t. to put

समज- səməj- v.i. (N-la impers.) to understand

आठव- aṭhəv- v.i. (N-la impers.) to remember

उत्तर दे- uttər de- v.t. (irreg.) to give an answer

सुर कर- suru kər- v.t. (irreg.) to begin

पाठ कर- paṭh kər- v.t. (irreg.) to memorize

माहीत अस- mahit əs- v.i. (N-la impers.) to know

म्हणजे mhəṇǰe that is, meaning, means

Adjectives and Adverbs

आत at adv. inside

बरोबर bərobər adj. inv. correct

चूक cuk adj. inv. incorrect

परत pərət adv. again

सावकाश savkaš adv. slowly

Phrases and sentences

मराठीत məraṭhit in Marathi

टेबलावर ṭeblavər on the table

सगळ्यांनी मिळून səgyanni miun all together

मला माहीत नाही. məla mahit nahi. I don't know.

मला आठवत नाही. məla aṭhəvət nahi. I don't remember.

WORD STUDY

1. The word गाडी gaḍi is used for almost any vehicle - a bus, train - even a motor scooter, bicycle or hand-cart. For 'car' some speakers use मोटार, moṭar f. (i).

2. You may wonder how the word लाव- lav- can be used to mean both 'close' and 'turn on'. Actually, लाव- lav- has a bewildering range of meanings. The common thread seems to be two surfaces coming together. (To turn on a light is to close a switch.) You would also use लाव- lav- in reference to turning on the radio or TV.

14. GRAMMAR

A. NOUNS PLURALS

Since Marathi has three genders, each of which has several typical noun endings, the details of the formation of noun plurals are somewhat complicated. However, a grasp of a few rules can go a long way in helping you learn plural forms.

Plurals of marked nouns. Marked nouns are those that have the characterstic endings of their gender (that is, the same endings as the variable adjectives). Thus, a masculine noun ending in a, a feminine noun ending in i, and a neuter noun ending in ə: are 'marked nouns.' The plurals of these nouns have the same form as the variable adjectives.

The rules for the formation of the plural of marked nouns are as follows:

Masculineae
Feminineiya
Neuterə:i

Examples

पंखापंखेpəŋkhapəŋkhefan
खोलीखोल्याkholikholyaroom
अंडंअंडीəṇḍə:əṇḍiegg*

Unmarked masculine nouns. Masculine nouns other than those ending in a do not change in the plural. The largest number of these end in a consonant.

कागदकागदkagədkagədpiece of paper
टेलिफोनटेलिफोनṭelifonṭelifontelephone
रेडिओरेडिओreḍioreḍioradio

Words ending in a conjunct consonant have an automatic short ə pronounced after the conjunct. However these words are considered as ending in a consonant. (In fact, when these words are written in the Devanagari script the automatic ə at the end of the word is not indicated.)

मित्रमित्रmitrəmitrəfriend
* Unfortunately the set of marked nouns endings in ə: is quite small, so we have had to use a word that has not yet been introduced.

Unmarked neuter nouns. The largest group of unmarked neuter nouns are those ending in a consonant. These form the plural by adding ə:. (You might say that in the absence of a vowel ending, the characteristic neuter ending is supplied.)

पुस्तकपुस्तकंpustəkpustəkə:book
दारदारंdardarə:door

Here too, words ending in a conjunct consonant with an automatic short ə are considered as ending in a consonant.

राज्यराज्यंraǰyəraǰyə:state

B) POSSESSIVE OF PROPER NOUNS

The possessive of a proper noun is formed by adding the adjectival postposition cə: to the noun. Of course, the ending of cə: will agree with the noun it modifies.

जेनचा रूमालǰenca rumal
जेनची बॅगǰenči bæg
जेनचं घरǰencə: ghər

Formerly the oblique form was used with given names. Thus 'Sita's house' would be सीतेचं घर sitecə: ghər. Today this usage is considered old fashioned. However, the oblique form is still used with surnames (as we have also already seen with some place names.)

पवारांचं घरpəvarancə: ghər
रानड्यांचं घरranəḍyancə: ghər
पुण्याचाpuṇyaca
साताऱ्याचाsataryaca

The n in पवारांचं pəvarancə: and रानड्यांचं ranəḍyancə: is part of the oblique form. It is used to indicate plurality or respect.

C) N ADV CONSTRUCTION

In this unit and to some extent, in the previous unit, we encounter adverbs and adverbial phrases of place. The majority of the examples used are of the form N adv Aux, 'N (be) Adv.'

पुणे इथे आहे.puṇe ithe ahe.Pune is here.

The interrogative adverb of place (most commonly, कुठे kuṭhe) can be inserted in the adverb position.

पुणे कुठे आहे?puṇe kuṭhe ahe.Where is Pune?

As in most constructions, in the answer to a question the subject may be omitted when it is understood.

पुणे कुठे आहे?puṇe kuṭhe ahe?
इथे आहे.ithe ahe.

In the N Adv Aux construction, the position of the adverb is frequently filled by a phrase consisting of a noun or a pronoun with an attached postposition. (A postposition is a relational word equivalent to an English preposition; as the terms imply, a preposition precedes the noun it relates to, while a postposition follows it.) Before the addition of a postposition, pronouns and most nouns have to be changed into what is called the oblique form.

कॉम्प्युटर टेबलावर आहे.kɔmpyuṭər ṭeblavər ahe.The computer is on the table.

Note that in the example above टेबल ṭebəl is in the oblique form टेबला-ṭebla-. The rules for formation of the oblique are discussed in brief in Unit Seven.

D) ADV N AUX CONSTRUCTION

If instead of following the noun, the adverb comes at the beginning of the construction (Adv. N Aux) there is a slight but significant change of meaning. This latter construction means 'There (be) N Aux.'

खोलीमध्ये काय काय आहे?kholimədhye kay kay ahe?What all is there in the room?
कॉम्प्युटर आहे, रेडिओ आहे, कपडे आणि बूट आहेत.kɔmpyuṭər ahe, reḍio ahe, kəpḍe aṇi buṭ ahet.There are a computer, a radio, clothes and shoes.

Note that in the answer the adverbial phrase can be dropped, as it is understood. Note too that the number (singular / plural) of the auxiliary is governed by the subject. N.

In place of the auxiliary the verb दिस- dis- 'to be seen, appear', is often used in this construction.

खोलीमधे काय काय दिसतं?kholimədhe kay kay distə:?What all can you see ['is seen'] in the room?
कॉम्प्युटर दिसतो, रेडिओ दिसतो, कपडे आणि बूट दिसतात.kɔmpyuṭər disto,reḍio disto, kəpaḍe aṇi buṭ distat.You can see a computer, a radio, clothes and shoes.

E) THE IMPERFECT A

Note also that the verb दिस- dis- as used in the examples above illustrated once again the Imperfect A, used for expressing habitual action in the present. The verbal base दिस- dis- is followed in each case by the imperfect market t, which in turn is followed by various endings determined by the person, gender and number of the subject. This is the common pattern of the Marathi verbs in the Imperfect A.

F) THE PERFECT

In the previous unit you were introduced to the verb शिक- šik- in the Perfect, a construction used to express completed action usually as in the past. In this unit we have the verb समज- səməj- in the perfect.

मला समजलं नाही.məla səməjlə: nahi.
तुला समजलं का ?tula səməjlə: ka.
हो, मला समजलं.ho, məla səməjlə:.

G) N-LA IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION

Note also that like the verb ये- ye- used in the sense 'to know' (as in मला म?रा?ठी येतं məla maraṭhi yetə:) the verb समज- səməj- is always used in the N-la impersonal construction, in which a person is the receiver rather than the agent of the action. Here are other examples of this kind of construction.

मला आठवत नाही.məla aṭhvət nahi.
मला माहीत नाही.məla mahit nahi.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Give the pronoun that can be substituted for each noun.

1. पुस्तकpustək (n.)6. खोलीkholi (f.)
2. वहीvəhi (f.)7. दारdar (n.)
3. पेनpen (n.)8. खिडकीkhiḍki (f.)
4. कॅल्क्युलेटरkælkyuleṭər (m.)9. टेबलṭebəl (n.)
5. रेडिओreḍio (m.)10. खुर्चीkhurči (f.)

B. Give the plural of each of the following nouns.

1. पुस्तकpustək (n).्‌्12. टेप रेकॉर्डरṭep rekɔrḍər (m.)
2. पेनpen (n.)13. देशdeš (m.)
3. घड्याळghəḍya (n.)14. वहीvəhi (f.)
4. टेबलṭebəl (n.)15. राज्यraǰyə (n.)
5. शेल्फšelph (n.)16. शहरšəhər (n.)
6. दारdar (n.)17. चष्माčəšma (m.)
7. कपाटkəpaṭ (n.)18. फळाphəa (m.)
8. पंखाpəŋkha (m.)19. खोलीkholi (f.)
9. दिवाdiva (m.)20. खिडकीkhiḍki (f.)
10. नकाशाnakaša (m.)21. खुर्चीkhurči (f.)
11. कॅल्क्यूलेटरkælkyuleter

C. Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the auxiliary (आहे ahe or आहेत ahet).

1. हे पेन....he pen ...
2. ही सायकल....hi saykəl ...
3. हा रुमाल....ha rumal ...
4. हे कपडे....he kəpḍe ...
5. हे बूट....he buṭ ...
6. ह्या खिडक्या....hya khiḍkya ...
7. ही खोली....hi kholi ...
8. हे घड्याळ....he ghəḍya ...
9. ही कपाटं....hi kəpaṭə: ...
10. हे दिवे....he dive ...

D. Use each of the following in the frame हा / ही / हे... आहे he / hi / he ... ahe.

1. खोलीkholi6. टेबलṭebəl
2. भिंतbhintə7. खुर्चीkhurči
3. खिडकीkhiḍki8. डेस्कḍesk
4. दारdar9. फळाphəa
5. जमीनjəmin10. खडूkhəḍu

E. Repeat the exercise above, using plural forms.

F. Using the words listed above in D make sentences with the verb दिस-- dis- in the Imperfect A, e.g., रेडिओ दिसतो reḍio disto.

G. Repeat exercise F, using plural forms.

H. 1.Pointing at the pictures below, form statements and questions as in the examples below.

हे काय आहे?he kay ahe?
तो दिवा आहे.to diva ahe.
हे दार आहे का?he dar ahe ka?
नाही, खिडकी आहे.nahi, khiḍki ahe.
ही खिडकी आहे का?hi khiḍki ahe ka?
हो, खिडकी आहे.ho, khiḍki ahe.
ती दारं आहेत का?ti darə: ahet ka?
नाही, खिडक्या आहेत.nahi, khiḍkya ahet.

Distant

Marathi text graphicProximate

Marathi text graphic

H. 2.Repeat the exercise, using your own pictures or objects around you. Take care to have one noun of each gender.

I. Translate the following sentences into Marathi.

1. This is a book.

2. Is this your calculator?

3. This is my room.

4. Whose bicycle is this?

5. It is Uma's.

6. Where is your (fam.) calculator?

7. It's on the table.

8. What all do you see on the table?

9. You see a computer and a telephone.

10. May I ask a question?

11. Ask! (fam.)

12. May I come in, sir?

13. Come in. (fam.)

14. What does 'पुष्कळ' 'puškə' mean?

15. How do you say 'building' in Marathi?

J. Using उमा uma as the subject make complete sentences of the following phrases in the Imperfect A. E.g., मराठी बोल- məraṭhi bol- उमा मराठी बोलते- uma məraṭhi bolte.

दार लाव -dar lav-
खिडकी उघड -khiḍki ughəḍ-
खोलीमधे ये -kholimədhye ye-
जमिनीवर बस -jəminivər bəs-
चित्र बघ -čitrə bəgh-
रेडिओ ऐक -redio əik-
नकाशा दाखव -nəkaša dakhəv-
प्रश्न विचार -prəšnə vičar-
उत्तर दे -uttər de-

K. In place of उमा uma use अरुण aruṇ as the subject in exercise J.

L. Repeat exercise J and K using the appropriate negative Imperfect forms.

Unit Four

Requests, Simple Transactions


15. May I Come In?

An American student drops in on her/his Maharashtrian friend.

Variations

Marathi text graphicMarathi text graphic
A:मी आत येऊ का?mi at yeu ka?May I come in?
M:ये की! बस.ye ki ! bəs.Come on in. Sit down.
काय म्हणतोस / म्हणतेस?kay mhəṇtos / mhəṇtes?How are things? ['What do you say?']
A:सगळं ठीक आहे.səgə: ṭhik ahe.Everything's fine.
तू कसा / कशी आहेस?tu kəsa / kəši ahes?How are you?
M:अगदी ठीक. तू काय घेणार - चहा की कॉफी?əgdi ṭhik. tu kay gheṇar - čəha ki kɔfi?Just fine. What are you going to have-tea or coffee?
A:मी चहा घेईन.mi čəha ghein.I'll have tea.
1.A :मी बूट काढू का?mi buṭ kaḍhu ka?Should I take off my shoes?
M :हो, प्लीज.ho, plij.Yes, Please do.
A :कुठे ठेवू?kuṭhe ṭhevu?Where should I put them?
M :तिथेच ठेव.tithec ṭhev.Put them right there.
2.M :मी काय देऊ - चहा की कॉफी?mi kay deu - čəha ki kɔfi?What shall I give (you) - tea or coffee?
A :चहा दे.čəha de.Give me tea.
3.M :तुला काय देऊ - चहा की कॉफी?tula kay deu - čəha ki kɔfi?What can I give you - tea or coffee?
A :काही नको. फक्त पाणी दे.kahi nəko. phəktə paṇi de.I don't want anything. Just give me water.
4.M :तू काय घेणार - चहा की कॉफी?tu kay gheṇar - čəha ki kɔfi?What are you going to have - tea or coffee?
A:काही नको. आत्ता मी चहा घेऊन आलो / आले आहे.Kahi nəko. atta mi čəha gheun alo / ale.I don't want anything. I've just had tea. ['Now I have taken tea and come'.]

The Maharashtrian friend serves tea brewed with milk and sugar.

Marathi text graphic M :घे. आणखी साखर घालू का?ghe. aṇkhi sakhər ghalu ka?Here you are. Shall I put in more sugar? A :नको, पुरे.nəko, pure.No (thanks), it's enough. M :आणखी दूध घालू का?aṇkhi dudh ghalu ka?Shall I put more milk? A :थोडंसं.thoḍəsə:.A little.

A more sophisticated hostess / host might ask you how you want your tea.

M :चहात दूध पाहिजे का?čəhat dudh pahiǰe ka?Do you want milk in the tea?
A :नको.nəko.No, thank you.
M :आणि साखर?aṇi sakhər?And sugar?
A :साखरही नको.sakhərhi nəko.No sugar either.

The guest takes leave.

AS :बसं मग. मी येतो / येते.bərə: məg. mi yeto / yete.Well then. I must get going. [I' come'.]
M :ये. उद्या भेटू.ye. udya bheṭu.Do come. See you tomorrow. ['Tomorrow we will meet'.]

Practice these conversational situations until you can get through them without prompting. Take turns acting out the roles of the host and of the guest so you are comfortable doing both. It helps to use some basic props as shown in the pictures. The following questions can guide you. Respond as appropriate.

A. As the guest is entering.

मी आत येऊ का?mi at yeu ka?
काय म्हणतोस / म्हणतेस?kay mhəṇtos / mhəṇtes?
सगळं ठीक आहे का?səgə: ṭhik ahe ka?
तू कसा / कशी आहेस?tu kəsa / kəši ahes?

B. Accepting tea or coffee.

तू काय घेणार - चहा की कॉफी?tu kay gheṇar - čəha ki kɔfi?
मी काय देऊ - चहा की कॉफी?mi kay deu - čəha ki kɔfi?

C. Respond to the above questions, saying that you want nothing at all, or only water.

D. After accepting tea or coffee.

चहात दूध पाहिजे का?čəhat dudh pahiǰe ka?
चहात साखर पाहिजे का?čəhat sakhər pahiǰe ka?
आणखी दूध पाहिजे का?aṇkhi dudh pahiǰe ka?
आणखी साखर पाहिजे का?aṇkhi sakhər pahiǰe ka?

E. As the guest is leaving.

बरं, मी येतो / येते.bərə:, mi yeto / yete.

THE USE OF POLITE FORMULAS

English-speaking students of Marathi are often at a loss when they can find no Marathi equivalent for common polite formulas used in English, such as 'please', 'thank you', and 'excuse me'. It is true that there is no single Marathi word or phrase which is the equivalent of each of these English formulas, but the intention of these words is conveyed in Marathi by various linguistic or extralinguistic means (facial expressions, gestures, etc.).

A complete mastery of the nuances of polite speech requires, of course, a mastery of the Marathi language. But the following comments on the Marathi expression of the formulas mentioned above may serve to make you more sensitive to the ways of expressing courtesy in Marathi.

Please. In English one uses 'please' to make a request in contrast to an order. Marathi uses a variety of devices for this purpose. Some of these are listed below.

1) Sometimes a request is put in the form of a question. (Note that this is done in English also.)

तू सांगतोस / सांगतेस का?tu saŋgtos / saŋgtes ka?Would you (pleased) tell (us)?

2) Sometimes the adverb जरा jəra 'somewhat' is inserted in an imperative sentence or a request in the form of a question.

अंजू, जरा इकडे ये.ənǰu, jəra ikəḍe ye.Anju, please come here.
जरा इकडे येतोस / येतेस का?jəra ikəḍe yetos / yetes ka?Would you (please) come here?

3) The particles ना na, की ki and हं hə: are sometimes added to an imperative sentence.

तू ये ना.tu ye na.Please do come.
ये की.ye ki.Please do come.
ये हं.ye hə:.Please come, won't you?

4) The respectful imperative itself is a polite form, so often nothing else need be added.

बसा.bəsa.Please sit down.

5) Occasionally the word प्लीज plij, is used.

बूट काढू का?buṭ kaḍhu ka?Shall I take off my shoes?
हो, प्लीज.ho, plij.Yes, please do.

Thank you. 'Thank you' is used in English to mark the end of almost any social transaction. For instance, if someone is given a cup of coffee s / he says 'thank you;' if s / he asks for information and is given it s / he says 'thank you'. There is no Marathi formula used in such situations. Westernized Maharashtrians will sometimes say थँक यू thæŋk yu. (The answer to this is डोण्ट मेन्शन इट doṇṭ menšən iṭ.) Others will just nod and smile in acknowledgement. For 'no, thank you' a politely said नको nəko is used.

Excuse me. In English 'excuse me' is used in a variety of situations, such as leave-taking, apologizing for being late, or apologizing for bumping into someone. For leave-taking there are a number of standard phrases used in Marathi, including बरं, मी येतो / येते bərə:, mi yeto / yete. For apologizing for being late, Marathi speakers will often say सॉरी sɔri in formal situations and माफ करा maph kəra or क्षमा करा kšəma kəra in formal situations. If one has bumped into someone - and especially if one's foot has touched someone else - s / he makes a sketchy gesture of namaskar. Some people might also say सॉरी sɔri in this situation.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

चहा čəha m. tea

कॉफी kɔfi f. coffee

पाणी paṇi n. water

साखर sakhər f. (e) sugar

दूध dudh n. milk

Adjectives

ठीक ṭhik adj. inv. well, OK

कसं kəsə: adj. how

आणखी aṇkhi adj. inv. more, additional

बरं bərə: adj. well, good, OK

Adverbs

आत at adv. inside

आत्ता atta adv. just now

मग məg. adv. then

उद्या udya adv. tomorrow

अगदी əgdi adv. quite, very, completely

ही hi adv. suff. also

Verbs

बस- bəs- v.i. to sit down

काढ- kaḍh- v.t. to take off

घे- ghe- v.t. (irreg.) to take

दे- de- v.t. (irreg.) to give

घाल- ghal- v.t. (irreg.) to put in

भेट- bheṭ- v.t. (sp.) to meet

पाहिजे pahiǰe v.i. (N-la impers.) to want

नको nəko v.i. (N-la impers.) not to want

आलो / आले alo / ale perf. of ये- ye-

Miscelleany

प्लीज plij interj. please

की ki conj. or

की ki emphatic particle

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. The irregular verbs पाहिजे pahiǰe 'to want' and नको nəko 'not to want' are used only in impersonal constructions where the person wanting is the indirect object of the verb rather than the subject. Thus मला चहा पाहीजे 'məla čəha pahiǰe' means 'to me tea is wanted'.

2. The addition of c to तिथे tithe in the sentence तिथेच ठेव 'tithec ṭhev' in the first of the Variations indicates emphasis. It can be added to almost any word the speaker wishes to emphasize.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC NOTE

Note that when the guest leaves s / he says मी येतो / येते mi yeto / yete 'I will come ' rather than मी जातो / जाते mi jato / jate 'I go'. It was traditionally considered inauspicious to say मी जातो mi jato upon leaving, as the verb जा ja - is used in reference to dying. Today many people will use जातो jato, but येतो yeto is still the preferred formula for leave-taking.

CULTURAL NOTE

In most houses it is customary to take off one's footwear. Sometimes in order to avoid inconveniencing a guest, a host might say it is all right to leave one's footwear on. Even then, it is better to take them off. Some people use special chappals or slippers in their own house.

16. I'm Going To The Coffee House

A Maharashtrian friend invites his / her American friend to come along to the Coffee House.

Marathi text graphic M :मी कॉफी हाऊसला जातोय / जातेय.mi kɔfi hausla jato'e / jate'e.I'm going to the Coffee House. चल माझ्याबरोबर.cəl maǰhyabərobər.Come along with me. A :येतो / येते की! एक मिनिट थांब.yeto / yete ki! ek miniṭ thamb.I'm coming. Wait a minute. मी पैसे घेऊन येतो / येते.mi paise gheun yeto / yete.I'll get some money ['get some money and come'].

In the Coffee House the waiter brings the menu and the friends look it over.

Marathi text graphic
A :तू काय घेणार (आहेस)?tu kay gheṇar (ahes)?What are you going to have?
M :मी इडली सांबार घेणार आहे. आणि कॉफी. इथे कॉफी फार छान मिळते.mi iḍli sambar gheṇar ahe. aṇi kɔfi. ithe kɔfi; phar čhan mite.I'm going to have idli sambar. And coffee. You get very good coffee here.
A :मी काय घेऊ? तू सांग.mi kay gheu? tu saŋg.What shall I have? You say.
M :उत्तप्पा चांगला मिळतो. आणि मसाला डोसा. आज तू डोसा घे.uttəppa caŋgla mito. aṇi məsala ḍosa. aj tu ḍosa ghe.You get good uttappa. And masala dosa. Today have a dosa.

The waiter returns to take their order.

W :काय पाहिजे तुम्हाला?kay pahiǰe tumhala?What do you want?
M :एक मसाला डोसा, एक इडली सांबार आणि दोन कॉफी आणि एक बिसलेरीची बाटली द्या.ek məsala ḍosa, ek iḍli sambar aṇi don kɔfi. aṇi ek bisleriči baṭli dya.One masala dosa, one idli sambar and two coffees. And give (us) a bottle of Bisleri* too.
W : कॉफी आत्ता देऊ का?kɔfi atta deu ka?Shall I give the coffee right now?
M :नको, नंतर द्या.nəko, nəntər dya.No, give it afterwards.

Variation

W :कॉफी आत्ता देऊ का?kɔfi atta deu ka?Shall I give the coffee right now?
M :चालेल.calel.OK. ['That will go.']

Udipi Snacks

Here is an abbreviated menu of some typical items you will find in an Udipi Restaurant, the type of South Indian restaurant found today throughout India.

इडली सांबारiḍli sambar15.00कॉफीkɔfi5.00
उत्तप्पाuttəppa20.00चहाcəha5.00
साधा डोसाsadha ḍosa15.00पेप्सीpepsi15.00
मसाला डोसाməsala ḍosa20.00लिम्काlimka15.00
वडा सांबारvəḍa sambar15.00बिसलेरीbisleri20.00
दही वडाdəhi vəḍa10.00फ्रेश लाईम सोडाfreš laim soḍa15.00
* 'Bisleri' is a brand of bottled water.

Practice these conversational situations until you can manage without prompting. Take turns acting out the role of the two friends and the waiter. It helps to use some basic props as shown in the pictures. Also be sure to use the Udipi Snacks menu above. The following questions can guide you. Respond as appropriate.

a. The invitation.

मी कॉफी हाऊसला जातोय / जातेय.mi kofi hausla jato'e / jate'e.
चल माझ्याबरोबर.cəl maǰhya bərobər.
माझ्याबरोबर कॉफी हाऊसला चल.maǰhya bərobər kɔfi hausla cəl.

b. Looking over the menu.

तू काय घेणार आहेस?tu kay ghenar ahes?
मी काय घेऊ?mi kay gheu?
तूला काय पाहिजे?tula kay pahije?
काय चांगलं मिळतं?kay canglə: miltə:?
....चांगलं आहे का?... canglə: ahe ka?

c. Giving your order to the waiter.

काय पाहिजे तुम्हाला?kay pahiǰe tumhala?
कॉफी आत्ता देऊ का?kɔfi atta deu ka?

Some Other Requests

Here are some other requests you might want to make to a waiter in a restaurant. (Of course, don't go overboard and try all of these on the same occasion!)

जरा नॅपकीन देता का?jəra næpkin deta ka?Would you please give some napkins?
जरा पंखा चालू करता का ?jəra pəŋkha calu kərta ka?Would you please turn on the fan?
जरा पंखा बंद करता का?jəra pəŋkha bəndə kərta ka?Would you please turn off the fan?
जरा टेबल पुसता का?jəra ṭebəl pusta ka?Would you please wipe the table?

Include the request above in your role play of the restaurant situation. The student taking the part of the waiter should say s / he will do as requested, and should then pantomime the action.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

मिनिट, मिनिटं miniṭ minttod;ə: n. minute

पैसे pəise m. pl. money

डोसा, डोसे ḍosa, ḍose m. dosa, a thin, crispy pancake made out of a fermented batter of rice flour and ground pulses.

मसाला 0 məsala 0 a dosa stuffed with curried vegetable साधा 0 sadha 0 a plain, unstuffed dosa.

इडली, इडल्या iḍli, iḍlya f. idli, a steamed cake made from a fermented batter of rice flour and ground pulses 0 सांबार 0 sambar, idli served with sambar and chutney.

चटणी cəṭṇi f. chutney, a (spicy) hot garnish.

सांबार sambar m. sambar, a thin, pungent soup

दही dəhi n. yogurt

वडा वडे vəḍa, vəḍe m. wada, a savory fritter. दही 0 dəhi 0 wada served with yogurt sauce

उत्तप्पा uttəppa m. uttapam, a thick, savory pancake made out of the same batter used for idli and dosa

नॅपकीन, नॅपकीन næpkin, næpkin m. napkin

फ्रेश लाइम सोडा freš laim soḍa m. fresh lime soda (lemon juice with plain soda)

लिम्का limka m. Limca, a popular lemon-lime flavoured soda

Adjectives

चांगलं canglə: adj. good

छान čhan adj. inv. nice

साधं sadhə: adj. plain

चालू calu adj. inv. running, turned on

बंद bəndə adj. inv. closed, turned off

Verbs

जा- ja- v.i. (irreg.) to go

चाल- cal- v.i. to walk, go

चालेल calel OK, that will do

चल- cəl- v.i. to set out. Generally used only in imper., come on

थांब- thamb- v.i. to stop, wait

पूस- pus- v.t. to wipe

बंद कर- bəndə kər- v.t. (irreg.) to turn off

चालू कर- calu kər- v.t. (irreg.) to start, turn on

मिळ- mi- v.i. (N-la impers.) to be available, to be obtained

Adverbs, postposition, particles

-ला -la post. to. kɔfi hausla - to the coffee house

आज aj adv. today

नंतर nəntər adv. afterwards

-बरोबर bərobər post. with.

माझ्याबरोबर maǰhyabərobar with me.

जरा jəra adv. somewhat. Often used to soften a command or statement

फार phar adv. very

17. How Much Has It Come To?

The waiter brings the bill.

Marathi text graphic A:किती पैसे झाले?kiti pəise jhale?How much did it come to? M:साठ रुपये. पण मी देतो / देते.saṭh rupəye. pəṇ mi deto / dete.Sixty rupees. But I'll give it. A:नको, माझे तीस रुपये घे की!nəko, majhe tis rupəye ghe ki!No. take my thirty rupees. M:छे, छे, ह्या वेळी मी देतो / देते.čhe, čhe, hya vei mi deto / dete.By no means, this time I'll pay.

The friends decide to go Dutch.

A:किती पैसे झाले?kiti pəise jhale?How much did it come to?
M:साठ रूपये.saṭh rupəye.Sixty rupees.
माझ्याजवळ फक्त शंभरची नोट आहे.maǰhyajəvə phəktə šəmbhərči noṭ ahe.I have only a hundred rupee note.
तुझ्याजवळ तीस रुपये आहेत का?tuǰhyajəvə tis rupəye ahet ka?Do you have thirty rupees?
A:हो, आहेत. हे घे आणि टिप?ho, ahet. he ghe. aṇi ṭip?Yes. I do. Here, ['Take this']. And for the tip?
M:चार रुपये देऊ या.čar rupəye deu ya.Let's give four rupees.

Practice the two conversational situations above until you can manage without prompting. Take turns acting out the roles of the two friends. The following can be used as cues.

किती पैसे झाले?kiti pəise jhale?
माझे तीस रुपये घे की.majhe tis rupəye ghe ki!
तुझ्याजवळ तीस रुपये आहेत का?tuǰhyajəvə tis rupəye ahet ka?
आणि टिप?aṇi ṭip?

Expression of 'To Have'

In Marathi there are a number of different ways to express 'to have', depending on what is possessed. In this chapter we have sentences expressing one sense of 'to have'.

माझ्याजवळ फक्त शंभरची नोट आहे.maǰhyajəvə phəktə šəmbhərči noṭ ahe.I have only a hundred rupee note.
तुझ्याजवळ तीस रुपये आहेत का?tuǰhyajəvə tis rupəye ahet ka?Do you have thirty rupees?
हो, आहेत.ho, ahet.Yes, I do.

The first sentence above would be translated literally as 'Near me only a hundred- rupee note is'. This expression is generally used in reference to possession of small items (often, though not necessarily, carried on one's person) such as money, a pen, or a calculator.

Note that in order to add the postposition -जवळ - jəvə the personal pronouns मी mi and तू tu must change to their oblique forms: माझ्या - maǰhya - and तुझ्या - tuǰhya - respectively.

Indian Currency

Marathi text graphicIn India, cash is used more often than checks or credit cards. In day to day transactions, a lot of cash in the form of coins and notes (bills) changes hand.

Coins come in the denominations of five, ten, twenty, twenty-five and fifty paise. There are coins for one, two and five rupees as well.

Currency notes come in the denominations of one, two, five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred and five hundred rupees. Unlike the U.S. dollar bills, each denomination note has a different size and a distinctive color of its own. The size of a note is correlated with its value. A one rupee note is the smallest and a five hundred rupee note is the largest one.

Marathi text graphic

Either the instructor or each student should make individual 'wallets' of Indian currency using various of the common denominations. You can use either real currency notes and coins or play money. Now go round the class each asking the next in turn if he / she has the following amounts of money. Use the expression of "To have' that has been illustrated before.

एक रुपयाek rupəya
दोन रुपयेdon rupəye
पाच रुपयेpac rupəye
दहा रुपयेdəha rupəye

With the additional numbers given below, you can increase the range of this exercize considerably.

Numbers

11 to 20

अकराəkra11सोळाsoa16
बाराbara12सतराsətra17
तेराtera13अठराəṭhra18
चौदाcəuda14एकोणीसekoṇis19
पंधराpəndhra15वीसvis20

a. Practice counting from one to twenty.

b. Give the Marathi word for each of the following.

5720117
8111364
92151019
316181214

c. Use the numbers above in the frame तुझ्याजवळ. . . रुपये आहेत का? tuǰhyajəvə ... rupəye ahet ka? Go round the class each asking the next in turn.


Numbers

10 to 100 (by tens)

दहाdəha10साठsaṭh60
वीसvis20सत्तरsəttər70
तीसtis30ऐंशीəĩši80
चाळीसčais40नव्वदnəvvəd90
पन्नासpənnas50शंभरšəmbhər100

d. Practice counting by ten's to 100.

e. Give the Marathi word for each of the following.

30100504080
8020107060

f. Ask each other किती पैसे झाले? kiti pəise jhale?, responding with the numbers in the list above.

g. Now you can take turns role-playing the Coffee House situation from invitation to paying the bill. Make sure to consult the menu and its prices. The 'waiter' should write up and present a bill for the appropriate amount. Decide how you'll pay it and how much to leave as a tip.


The American looks at the green seeds that came with the bill.

A:हे काय आहे?he kay ahe?What is this?
M:ही बडीशेप - म्हणजे ऍ?नीस. छान लागते. खाऊन बघ.hi bəḍišep - mhəṇǰe ænis. čhan lagte. khaun bəgh.It's bəḍišep - that is anise It tastes good. Try it and see ['Eat and see'].
A:[gingerly tasting a bit]
खरंच, छान लागते!khərə:c, čhan lagte!It really does taste nice!

VOCABULARY

Nouns

पैसे pəise m. pl. money. किती 0 झाले? kiti 0 jhale? How much has it come to? सुटे 0 suṭe 0 change.

रुपया, रुपये rupəya, rupəye m. rupee

नोट, नोटा noṭ, noṭa f. (e) currency note

टिप ṭip f. tip.

बडीशेप bəḍišep f. (e) fennel, anise (a seed used as a mouth-freshener after eating)

Adjective

खरंच khərə:c emphatic form of खरं khərə: adv. var. really

छान čhan adv. inv. nice

Verbs

झाले jhale perf. of हो- ho-

हो- ho- v.i. (irreg.) to become, happen

खा- kha- v.t. (irreg) to eat

खाऊन बघ- khaun bəgh- to taste ['to eat and see']

लाग- lag- v.i. to seem, appear, strike as

Miscellany

पण pəṇ conj. but

छे, छे čhe, čhe interj. expression of denial

-च-c emphatic particle

Phrases and Sentences

माझ्याजवळ maǰhyajəvə with me 0 क्ष आहे 0 kšə ahe. I have X.

तुझ्याजवळ tuǰhyajəvə with you 0 क्ष आहे 0 kšə ahe. You have X.

Numbers

11 to 20

अकराəkra11
बाराbara12
तेराtera13
चौदाcəuda14
पंधराpəndhra15
सोळाsoa16
सतराsətra17
अठराəṭhra18
एकोणीसekoṇis19
वीसvis20

10 to 100 (by tens)

दहाdəha10
वीसvis20
तीसtis30
चाळीसčais40
पन्नासpənnas50
साठsaṭh60
सत्तरsəttər70
ऐंशीəĩši80
नव्वदnəvvəd90
शंभरšəmbhər100

18. Do You Have Any Brown Bread?

The friends leave the Coffee house and go to the nearby Kayani Bakery. The Maharashtrian friend talks to the bakery clerk.

Marathi text graphic M:तुमच्याकडे ब्राऊन ब्रेड आहे का?tumčyakəḍe braun breḍ ahe ka?Do you have any brown bread? B:नाही. सॉरी, ब्राऊन ब्रेड संपला आहे.nahi, sɔri. braun breḍ səmpla ahe.No, sorry, We're out of the brown bread. ['The brown bread is finished'] M:व्हाइट ब्रेड आहे का?vhaiṭ breḍ ahe ka?Do you have any white bread? B:हो, आहे. किती देऊ?ho, ahe. kiti deu?Yes, we do. How many shall I give you? M:दोन द्या. किती पैसे झाले?don dya. kiti pəise jhale?Give me two. How much? B:आठ रुपये.aṭh rupəye.Eight rupees.

Expression of 'To Have'

Here we have another slightly different way of expressing 'to have'.

तुमच्याकडे ब्राऊन ब्रेड आहे का? tumčyakəḍe braun bred ahe ka?

Structurally it is identical to the pattern you learned in the last chapter using the postposition -जवळ jəvəl. But the present pattern with postposition -कडे kəḍe is more appropriately used in the context of asking for something in a store.

Note that here also, before the postposition -कडे kaḍe, the personal pronoun तुम्ही tumhi changes to its oblique form तुमच्या tumčya.

Take turns playing roles of the Maharashtrian friend and the bakery clerk. You can vary the conversation by asking for some of the other items listed for sale in the bakery.

श्रुझबरी बिस्किटंšrujhbəri biskiṭə:shrewsbury biscuitsRs. 80 / kg.
वाईन बिस्किटंvain biskiṭə:wine biscuitsRs. 40 / kg.
चीज बिस्किटंčij biskiṭə:cheese biscuitsRs. 60 / kg.
बन्जbənjbunsRs. 1.00 ea.
मावा केकmava kekmava cakeRs. 4.00 ea.

In a General Store

In Pune (and, in fact, throughout Maharashtra) the institution of the general store has developed in the last few years. While less elaborate than the American department store, the general store carries a variety of items, including packaged food (not fresh produce), toiletries, kitchenware, electronic goods, etc. The Super Shoppe in Deccan Gymkhana, and Atlantic Stores, Dorabjee's and Chandan in the Camp are the best known of these. Most of those shops have computerized checkout systems. Here are some items you may find yourself buying.

पीनट बटरpinəṭ bəṭərpeanut butter
आरे चीजare čijArey cheese*
कॅडबरी चॉकलेटkæḍbəri čɔkleṭCadbury chocolate
सिंथॉल साबणsinthɔl sabəṇCinthol soap
लॅक्मे शॅम्पूlakme šæmpuLakme shampoo
* Arey is the name of a dairy cooperative in Bombay, which produces a cheddar- like cheese.

The two friends go from the bakery to the nearby general store. The American talks to the store clerk.

A:तुमच्याकडे साबण आहे का?tumčya kəḍe sabəṇ ahe ka?Do you have any soap?
SC:हो, सिंथॉल साबण चालेल का?ho. sinthɔl sabəṇ calel ka?Yes, will Cinthol soap do?
A:ह्याची किंमत काय आहे?hyači kimmət kay ahe?What is it's price?
SC:वीस रुपये.vis rupəye.Twenty rupees.
A:ठीक आहे. हा घेतो / घेते.ṭhik ahe. ha gheto / ghete.Fine. I'll take it.
SC:आणखी काय पाहिजे?aṇkhi kay pahiǰe?What more would you like?
A:आणखी काही नको.aṇkhi kahi nəko.I don't want anything more.

Using the pattern of the conversation above, take turns 'shopping' at the general store for the listed items. Make sure to take your 'wallet' of Indian currency with you. As you gain familiarity, you might add items from earlier vocabulary lists. Eventually you might want to try the role of the store clerk.


Numbers

5 to 100 (by fives)

पाचpac5पंचावन्नpəncavənnə55
दहाdəha10साठsaṭh60
पंधराpəndhra15पासष्टpasəšṭ65
वीसvis20सत्तरsəttər70
पंचवीसpənčvis25पंचाहत्तरpənčahəttər75
तीसtis30ऐंशीəĩši80
पस्तीसpəstis35पंच्याऐंशीpančyaəiši85
चाळीसčais40नव्वदnəvvəd90
पंचेचाळीसpənčečais45पंचाण्णवpənčaṇṇəv95
पन्नासpənnas50शंभरšəmbhər100

While शंभर šəmbhər is the word for exactly 'one hundred', numerical expressions of multiples of one hundred employ the form शे še.

दोनशेdonše200
तीनशेtinše300
चारशेčarše400

This pattern is regular up to 900. For 1000 the expression is एक हजार ek həjar.

Other numerical expressions with 100 regularly use शे še.

एकशे एकekše ek101
एकशे पाचekše pac105
दोनशे तीसdonše tis230
चारशे पंचवीसčarše pənčvis425
पाचशे पन्नासpacše pənnas550

a. Practice counting from 5 to 100 by fives.

b. Practice counting from 100 to 1000 by hundreds.

c. Give the Marathi names for each of the following numbers.

351550601085
708525803020
6540759545100
9055101220305595
105225315707115240
3306201202853901,000

d. Repeat the general store conversation, selecting a number of items and calculating the price.


VOCABULARY

Nouns

ब्रेड breḍ m. bread

बिस्किट, बिस्किटं biskiṭ, biskiṭə: n. biscuit, cookie, cracker

चीज čij f. cheese

बन, बन्ज bən, bənj m. buns

मावा mava m. milk solids

केक kek f., m. cake

साबण sabəṇ m. soap

शॅम्पू šæmpu m. shampoo

किंमत, किंमती kimmət, kimti f. (i) price

Adjectives

आणखी aṇkhi adj. inv. more, additional

Pronouns

काही kahi pron. (with neg.) anything

Postpositions

-कडे kaḍe post. at, with, to, on, toward.

तुमच्याकडे tumčyakəḍe with you

Verbs

संप - səmp - v.i. to be finished, used up, sold out.

Interjections

सॉरी sɔri interj. sorry.

Numbers

पंचवीस pənčvis num. twenty-five

तीस tis num. thirty

पस्तीस pəstis num. thirty-five

चाळीस čais num. forty

पंचेचाळीस pənčečais num. forty-five

पन्नास pənnas num. fifty

पंचावन्न pəncavənnə num. fifty-five

साठ saṭh num. sixty

पासष्ट pasəšṭ num. sixty-five

सत्तर səttər num. seventy

पंचाहत्तर pənčahəttər num. seventy-five

ऐंशी əĩši num. eighty

पंच्याऐंशी pənčyaəĩši num. eighty-five

नव्वद navvəd num. ninety

पंचाण्णव pənčaṇṇəv num. ninety-five

हजार həjar num. thousand

शे še num. hundred (used only with preceding numeral)

WORD STUDY

1. As you have already noticed, Marathi uses a great number of English words - nouns in particular. These words have been assimilated into the language in varying degrees. Some, like टेबल ṭebəl, have been completely assimilated, and there is near unanimity about the gender. Others, like ब्रेड breḍ, are commonly used, but there is less consistency in assigning them a particular gender. Still others, पिनट बटर pinəṭ bəṭər, are less commonly used, and remain as foreign borrowings with no definite gender.

2. For 'bread' the word पाव pav is also used. This is a borrowing from, Portuguese, and has been in use longer than ब्रेड breḍ.

19. Grammar

A) CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS

In the first two units the major verb we dealt with was the auxiliary verb. In this unit we have taken up the set of main verbs.

Marathi verbs just as English verbs can be divided into two classes - transitive and intransitive - according to whether or not they take a direct object.

Transitive verbs are those that can take a direct object; intransitive verbs are those that cannot. In our vocabulary lists transitive verbs are labeled v.t.; intransitive verbs are labeled v.i. A simple devise for determining if a verb is transitive or intransitive is the question '(verb) what?' For example, 'Eat what?' makes sense while 'Sit what?' doesn't. The former is transitive, the latter intransitive.

B) THE IMPERATIVE

Throughout this unit we have used many imperative (command) forms.

ये.ye.Come.
बस.bəs.Sit down.
चहा घे.čəha ghe.Have ['take'] (some) tea.
दार लाव.dar lav.Close the door.
माझ्याबरोबर चल.maǰhyabərobər cəl.Come along with me.
एक मिनिट थांब.ek miniṭ thamb.Wait a minute.

Note that in the Marathi sentences direct objects and adverbial phrases usually precede the verb, while in English they follow the verb.

The imperative is, of course, a second person form. It can be either in the singular or the plural - that is, addressed to one person or more than one. As we have already mentioned, the imperative singular is used only for the familiar, while the plural is used for both actual plurality and respect.

The example sentences above are all in the imperative singular (familiar). The corresponding sentences in the imperative plural (or respectful) would be as follow.

या.ya.
बसा.bəsa.
चहा घ्या.čaha ghya.
दार लावा.dar lava.
माझ्याबरोबर चला.maǰhyabarobar cəla.
एक मिनिट थांबा.ek miniṭ thamba.

Formation of the Imperative

imperative singular. The imperative singular is simply the verbal base, which in this text we indicate as V.

VImper. sg.
ये-ye-येye
बस-bəs-बसbəs
घे-ghe-घेghe
लाव-lav-लावlav
चल-cəl-चलcəl
थांब-thamb-थांबthamb

With very few exceptions, verbs are regular in the imperative singular. For the imperative singular of बस bəs- many educated speakers say बैस bəis rather than बस bəs-. Moreover for the verb meaning 'to write' we have postulated two base forms: लिह / लिही lih- / lihi-, the second of which is used for the imperative singular.

Imperative plural. The imperative plural is formed by adding a to the verbal base.

VImper. pl.
बस-bəs-बसाbəsa
लाव-lav-लावाlava
चल-cəl-चलाcəla
थांब-thamb-थांबाthamba

In the case of verbal bases ending in a vowel, several morphophonemic rules apply to the formation of the imperative plural. The rules covering those verbs which have been introduced so far are given below.

1. i and e becomes y before the addition of a.*

VImper. pl.
घे-ghe-घ्याghya
दे-de-द्याdya
ये-ye-याya**

2. The combination of a+a remains a.

VImper. pl.
जा-ja-जाja
खा-kha-खाkha

3. v is added to u before the addition of a or u.

VImper. pl.
धु-dhu-धुवाdhuva
* So far we have not introduced any verbs with bases ending in i. An example is पि-pi-'to drink', the imperative plural of which becomes प्या pya. ** Obviously, application of this rule to ये- ye- will result in yya-. A sub-rule is necessary to delete one y. However, we need not go into such detail here.

4. In a word of two or more syllables ending in the sequence Vw CVwC, if the second vowel is ə or short i or u, it is deleted before a vowel.

So far the only verbs we have introduced which are covered by this rule are those in which the second vowel is ə.

VImperative pl.
उघड-ughəḍ-उघडाughḍa
दाखव-dakhəv-दाखवाdakhva

Note that this rule refers to pronounciation, not to writing in the Devanagari script.

C) REQUEST FOR INSTRUCTION

The imperative is often used in response to a question.

मी आत येऊ का?mi at yeu ka?May I come in?
ये की!ye ki!Yes, come!
मी आणखी साखर घालू का?mi aṇkhi sakhər ghalu ka?Shall I put in some more sugar?

The question is the first person counterpart of the imperative - a first person imperative, if you will.

Note that the first example above is translated in English with 'may,' while the second is translated with 'shall'. When a speaker asks 'may I ...,' s / he is asking for permission; when the speaker says 'shall I ...,' s / he is asking what to do. Marathi does not distinguish between these two meanings, but uses the same construction for both. We shall term this construction the request for instruction.

Affirmative and negative answers. Note that in giving an affirmative answer to a request for instruction it is not necessary to use हो ho 'yes.' One may answer simply with the imperative.

मी आत येऊ का?mi at yeu ka?
ये.ye.

To add emphasis, a speaker may add an emphatic particle: ये की! ye ki! This conveys the same type of positive response as English 'certainly,' 'of course,' or 'by all means.'

In giving a negative answer to a request for instruction, a speaker will generally use the introductory negative नको nəko and then add some alternative or explanation.

मी कॉफी आत्ता देऊ का?mi kɔfi atta deu ka?Shall I give you the coffee now?
नको, नंतर द्या.nəko, nəntər dya.No, give it later.
मी आणखी दूध घालू का?mi aṇkhi dudh ghalu ka?Shall I put in some more milk?
नको, पुरे.nəko, pure.No, that's enough.

Formation of request for instruction. The formula for the request for instruction is:

mi V-u ka?May / shall I V?

All verbs are regular in this form. However, the morphophonemic rules for the deletion of ə applies, as does the rule for the insertion of v.*

VV-u
उघड-ughəd-उघडूughdu
दाखव-dakhəv-दाखवूdakhvu
धु-dhu-धुवूdhuvu

Interrogative word questions. The formula above is for the request for instruction in a yes-no question. When the request for instruction is used with an interrogative word the pattern is:

mi K V-u?K shall I V?

(K stands for any interrogative word.)

* As we mentioned earlier for the verb 'to write' we have postulated two base forms: लिह- / लिही lih- / lihi. For V-u, the first is used.
मी काय देऊ - चहा की कॉफी?mi kay deu - čəha ki kɔfi?What shall I give (you) tea or coffee?
मी काय घेऊ?mi kay gheu?What shall I take?

D) REQUESTS WITH THE IMPERFECT A

As long as the imperative is used in response to a request for instruction, there is little danger of its being understood as a peremptory command. However, there are times when we want to ask someone to do something, and we want to make it clear that we are making a request, not a command. In this case we can use sentences like the following.

तुम्ही परत विचारता का?tumhi pərət vičarta ka?Would you ask again?
जरा पंखा चालू करता का?jəra pəŋkha calu kərta ka?Would you (please) turn on the fan?
जरा टेबल पुसता का?jəra ṭebəl pusta ka?Would you (please) wipe the table?

The answer to the above questions would be:

(मी) विचारतो / विचारते. (mi) vičarto / vičarte.
(मी) चालू करतो / करते.(mi) calu kərto / kərte.
(मी) पुसतो / पुसते.(mi) pusto / puste.

The sentences employ a verb form that in this book is called the Imperfect A. Note that in the first person (in this context) the sense is that the speaker is announcing something s / he is about to do immediately.

The use of this construction is not limited to responding to a question in the Imperfect A.

माझ्याबरोबर चल.maǰhyabərobər cəl.Come with me.
येतो / येते.yeto / yete.I'll be right there.

Note that in the equivalent English sentence the future is used. Note too that in the Marathi sentence the subject मी mi is often omitted.

Announcing an action that one is about to perform is only one use of the imperfect A. The more important use of the Imperfect A is for expressing habitual action.

तुम्ही मराठी बोलता का?tumhi məraṭhi bolta ka?Do you speak Marathi?
हो, थोडंसं बोलतो / बोलते.ho, thoḍəsə: bolto / bolte.Yes, I speak a little.
तुम्हाला मराठी येतं का?tumhala məraṭhi yetə: ka?Do you know Marathi? ['Does Marathi come to you?']
खिडकीतून काय दिसतं?khiḍkitun kay distə:?What do you see through the window?
झाड दिसतं, पक्षी दिसतात.jhaḍ distə:, pəkši distat.You see a tree and you see birds.
काय म्हणतोस / म्हणतेस?kay mhəṇtos / mhəṇtes?What do you say?
इथे कॉफी छान मिळते.ithe kɔfi čhan mite.You get good coffee here.
उत्तप्पा चांगला मिळतो.uttəppa caŋgla mito.You get good uttappa.

This use of the Imperfect A will be taken up in detail in Unit Five.

E) THE IMPERFECT B 'PRESENT CONTINUOUS'

You may have noticed a discrepancy between the Marathi srcipt and the phonetic rendering at the beginning of the conversation 'I'm going to the coffee house.'

मी कॉफी हाऊसला जातोय / जातेय.mi kɔfi hausla jato'e / jate'e.I'm going to the Coffee House.

The ending ye in both masculine and feminine alternatives of the verb is rendered phonetically as 'e in both cases. Here the e represents what is in fact correct pronunciation, while the apparently anomalous apostrophe is used to suggest that a contraction is taking place, in this case of the auxiliary आहे ahe. The in the Marathi script is used to represent the same thing. Note that in the English 'present continuous' tense we also commonly use a contraction of the auxiliary, e.g., 'I'm going' for 'I am going.'

F) THE PROSPECTIVE

Note the expression of intention in the verbs in these sentences.

तू काय घेणार -tu kay gheṇar -What are you going to
चहा की कॉफी?čəha ki kɔfi?have - tea or coffee?
तू काय घेणार (आहेस)?tu kay gheṇar (ahes)?What are you going to have?
मी इडली सांबार घेणार आहे.mi iḍli sambar gheṇar ahe.I'm going have idli sambar.

Any Marathi verb can be used in this same pattern - the verbal base with the ending -णार -ṇar followed by the appropriate form of the auxiliary to express the subject's intention to do something. Notice, as in example 2 above, that the use of the auxiliary is optional.

G) THE PERFECT

In this unit we have had several more examples of the use of the Perfect, a construction used to express completed action.

मी चहा घेऊन आलो / आले आहे.mi čəha gheun alo / ale ahe.I have had tea. ['I have taken tea and come.']
किती पैसे झाले?kiti pəise jhale?How much did it come to?
ब्राऊन ब्रेड संपला आहे.braun breḍ səmpla ahe.The brown bread is finished.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. The following sentences are all in the familiar imperative. Change them to the respectful.

बस.bəs.
चल.cəl.
माझ्याबरोबर ये.maǰhyabərobər ye.
चहा दे.čəha de.
कॉफी घे.kɔfi ghe.
थोडंसं दूध घाल.thoḍəsə: dudh ghal.
साधा डोसा दे.sadha ḍosa de.
खिडकी उगड.khiḍki ughəḍ.
पुस्तक दाखव.pustək dakhəv.
परत म्हण.pərət mhəṇ.

B. Use the imperative form of the verb given with each of the direct objects suggested. Do the exercise twice, once with the familiar, and once with the respectful. To test yourself cover the Marathi names of things.

1. बघ-bəgh-
नकाशाnəkašamap
पुस्तकpustəkbook
वहीvəhinotebook
पेनpenpen
बॅगbægbag
2. दे-de -
एक इडली सांबारek iḍli sambarone idli sambar
दोन कॉफीdon kɔfitwo coffee
थोडी साखरthoḍi sakhəra little sugar
एक बाटली पाणीek baṭli paṇione bottle of water
तीस रुपयेtis rupəyethirty rupees
3. लाव-lav-
दारdardoor
खिडकीkhiḍkiwindow
रेडिओreḍioradio
दिवाdivalamp
कुलूपkuluplock
4. लिह / लिही-lih- / lihi-
नावnavname
शब्दšəbdəword
वाक्यvakyəsentence
प्रश्नprəšnəquestion
उत्तरuttəranswer
5. दाखव-dakhəv-
नकाशाnəkašamap
गावgavtown
बाजारपेठbajarpeṭhbusinss district
देऊळdeutemple
दुकानdukanshop
6. घाल-ghal-
दूधdudhmilk
पाणीpaṇiwater
साखरsakhərsugar
चहाčəhatea
कॉफीkɔficoffee
7. खा-kha-
इडलीiḍli
डोसाḍosa
वडाvəḍa
दही वडाdəhi vəḍa
उत्तप्पाuttəppa
8. घे-ghe-
कॉफीkɔficoffee
चहाčəhatea
दूधdudhmilk
पाणीpaṇiwater
फ्रेश लाइम सोडाfreš laim soḍafresh lime soda

C. Using the verbs or verb phrases below, construct questions of the pattern mi V- u ka? Have another student answer, using the familiar imperative. Repeat the exercise, using the respectful imperative.

1. ये-ye-
2. दे-de-
3. पुस्तक बघ-pustək bəgh-
4. बडिशेप खाऊन बघ-bəḍišep khaun bəgh-
5. थांब-thamb-
6. दार लाव-dar lav-
7. पंखा बंद कर-pəŋkha bəndə kər-
8. मराठीत बोल-məraṭhit bol-
9. ही वही घे-hi vahi ghe-
10. प्रश्न विचार-prəšnə vičar-

D. Using the verbs and verb phrases below, construct questions of the pattern mi kay V-u? Have another student answer each question, giving the answer suggested.

1. दे-
फक्त पाणी
de-
phəktə paṇi
2. दे-
कॉफी
de-
kɔfi
3. घाल-
थोडी साखर
ghal-
thoḍi sakhər
4. घे-
वडा सांबार
ghe-
vəḍa sambar
5. किती पैसे दे-
दहा रुपये
kiti pəise de-
dəha rupəye
6. दाखव-
पुण्याचा नकाशा
dakhəv-
puṇyaca nəkaša
7. वाच-
हे पुस्तक
vac-
he pustək
8. लिह / लिहि-
ही वाक्यं
lih- / lihi-
hi vakyə:
9. दे-
पेन
de-
pen
10. पाठ कर-
हे शब्द
paṭh kər
he šəbdə

E. Use each verb or verb pharse below in the first person singular of the Imperfect A, indicating that you are about to perform the action in question.

1. ये-ye-
2. थांब-thamb-
3. चहा दे-čəha de-
4. पाणी दे-paṇi de-
5. खोली दाखव-kholi dakhəv-
6. सांग-saŋg-
7. प्रश्न विचार-prəšnə vičar-
8. उत्तर दे-uttər de-
9. वाक्य वाचून दाखव-vakyə vacun dakhəv-
10. शब्द लिहून दाखव-šəbdə lihun dakhəv-

F. The following sentences are all in the respectful imperative. Recast each sentence as a polite request in the Imperfect A, prefacing it with जरा jəra; e.g., जरा पाणी देता का?jəra paṇi deta ka?

1. प्रश्न परत विचारा.prəšnə pərət vicara.
2. सावकाश बोला.savkaš bola.
3. परत म्हणा.pərət mhəṇa.
4. हे वाक्य वाचून दाखवा.he vakyə vacun dakhva.
5. तो शब्द लिहून दाखवा.to šəbdə lihun dakhva.
6. टेबल पुसा.ṭebəl pusa.
7. पंखा बंद करा.pənkha bəndə kəra.
8. दोन मिनिटं थांब.don minṭə: thamba.

G. The following sentences are in the familiar imperative. Recast them in the Imperative A, using either the masculine or feminine, as is appropriate for your partner; e.g., तू माझ्या बरोबर येतोस / येतेस का? tu maǰhyabərobər yetos / yetes ka? Have your partner answer in the affirmative.

1. थांब.thamb.
2. बस.bəs.
3. प्रश्न विचार.prəšnə vičar.
4. उत्तर दे.uttər de.
5. हा शब्द म्हण.ha šəbdə mhəṇ.

Unit Five

Getting Better Acquainted


20. Where Do You Live?

An American student meets a Maharashtrian woman from Pune on a train. In the course of the conversation the American asks the Maharashtrian where she lives.

Marathi text graphic A:तुम्ही कुठे राहता?tumhi kuṭhe rahta?Where do you live? M:मी प्रभात रोडला राहते-गल्ली नं. 4.mi prəbhat roḍla rahte - gəlli nəmbər 4.I live on Prabhat Road - Lane no. 4.

Variations

A:तुम्ही कुठे राहता?tumhi kuṭhe rahta?Where do you live?
M:शनिवार पेठेत-पोलीस चौकीजवळ.šənivar peṭhet - polis cəukijəvə.In Shaniwar Peth - near the police station.
A:तुम्ही कुठे राहता?tumhi kuṭhe rahta? Where do you live?
M:एरंडवण्याला - इन्कम टॅक्स ऑफिस समोर.erəṇḍəvṇyala - inkəm ṭæks ɔfissəmor.In Erandawana - across from the Income Tax Office.
A:तुमचा पत्ता काय?tumca pətta kay?What is your address?
M:तीनशे अपॉन पाच, सेनापती बापट मार्ग.tinše apɔn pac senapəti bapəṭ marg.300 / 5 Senapati Bapat Marg.

A. Practice the conversation as originally given, and with the variations.

B. Draw an identity card. Go around your class or group each in turn asking your neighbor where they live.

C. Go to each member of the class and find out where they live as indicated by their identity cards. Be sure to also tell where you live when asked in return.


A Maharshtrian asks an American where s / he is staying in Pune.

M:तुम्ही हॉटेलमध्ये राहता का?tumhi hɔṭelmədhe rahta ka?Do you stay in a hotel?
A:नाही, मी एल्. एन्. जोशींकडे राहतो / राहते.nahi, me el. en. jošinkəḍe rahto / rahte.No, I stay at L.N. Joshi's.
M:म्हणजे कुठे?mhəṇǰe kuṭhe?Where is that? ['That means where?']
A:टिळक रोडवर.ṭiək roḍvər.On Tilak Road.

Variation

M:तुम्ही हॉस्टेलमध्ये राहता का?tumhi hɔsṭelmədhe rahta ka?Do you stay in a hostel?
A:नाही, मी एका फॅमिलीकडे राहतो / राहते - प्रोफेसर प्रदिप भोसल्यांकडेnahi, mi eka fæmilikəḍe rahto / rahte - profesər prədip bhoslyankəḍe.No, I stay with a family - at Prof. Pradip Bhosale's.
M:ते कुठे राहतात?te kuṭhe rahtat?Where do they live?
A:कोथरूडला.kothruḍla.In Kothrud.

A. Practice the conversation and variation given above.

B. Select an identity card. Consider this your host family, and in answer to the question तुम्ही कुठे राहता? tumhi kuṭhe rahta? Given the name and address on the card.

VOCABULARY

गल्ली, गल्ल्?या gəlli, gəllya f. lane

पेठ, पेठा peṭh, peṭha f. (e) section of a city

चौकी, चौक्या cəuki, cəukya f. post, station. पोलीस 0 polis 0 corner police station

ऑफीस, ऑफिसं ɔfis, ɔficə: n. office

पत्ता, पत्ते pətta, pətte m. address

मार्ग, मार्ग marg, marg m. street, avenue

हॉटेल, हॉटेलं hɔṭel, hɔṭelə: n. hotel

हॉस्टेल, हॉस्?टेलं hɔsṭel, hɔsṭelə: n. hostel (residence hall for students, etc.)

Verbs

राह- rah- v.i. (irreg.) to live, stay

Postposition

--t post. at

-समोर səmor post. in front of

-कडे kəḍe post. at, with

Names

कोथरुड kothruḍ n. Kothrud, a section of Pune

भोसले bhosle, Bhosale, a surname

प्रदीप prədip m. Pradeep, a given name

WORD STUDY

The postposition; -कडे -kəḍe literally means something like 'at / to a place.' In expressions like जोशींकडे josinkəḍe and भोसल्यांकडे bhosalyankəḍe it means 'with / at the home of' (cf. French chez.)

21. What Do You Do?

An American student asks a Maharashtrian what s / he does.

A :तुम्ही काय करता?tumhi kay kərta?What do you do?
M :मी कॉम्प्?युटर इंजिनिअर आहे. mi kɔmpyuṭər inǰiniər ahe.I am a computer engineer.
A :तुम्ही नोकरी करात का?tumhi nokəri kərta ka?Are you employed somewhere? ['Do you do service?']
M :नाही, माझा स्वतःचा व्यवसाय आहे. nahi, majha svətəhəca vyəvəsay ahe.No, I have my own business.
A :तुमचं ऑफिस कुठे आहे?tumcə: ɔfis kuṭhe ahe?Where is your office?
M :सदाशिव पेठेत.sədašiv peṭhet.In Sadshiv Peth.

An American student meets a Maharashtrian student.

A :तुम्ही काय करता?tumhi kay kərta?What do you do?
M :मी विद्यार्थी / विद्यार्थिनी आहे.mi vidyarthi / vidyarthini ahe.I am a student.
A :तुम्ही कुठे शिकताय?tumhi kuṭhe šiktay?Where are you studying?
M :एस्. पी. कॉलेजमध्ये.es. pi. kɔleǰmədhe.In S.P. College.

An American student meets a Maharashtrian farmer.

A :तुम्ही काय करता?tumhi kay kərta?What do you do?
M :मी शेती करतो.mi šeti kərto.I farm.
A :तुमची जमीन आहे का?tumči jəmin ahe ka?Do you own land?
M :आहे नं.ahe nə.I do indeed.
A :कुठे?kuṭhe?Where?
M :आळंदी जवळ.aəndijəvə.Near Alandi.

People of Various Occupations

The people below are all responding to the question तुम्ही काय करता?

tumhi kay kərta?

मी प्रोफेसर आहे. मी रसायनशास्त्र शिकवते.
mi profesər ahe. mi rəsayənšastrə šikəvte.
I am a professor. I teach chemistry.
Marathi text graphic
मी प्रोफेसर आहे. मी इतिहास शिकवतो.
mi profesər ahe. mi itihas šikəvto.
I am a professor. I teach history.
Marathi text graphic
Marathi text graphicमाझं डी. टी. पी. युनिट आहे.
majhə:ḍi. ti. pi. yuniṭ ahe.
I have a Data Processing Unit.
Marathi text graphicमी अकौंटंट आहे.
mi əkəuṇtəṇṭ ahe.
I am an accountant.
Marathi text graphicआम्ही दोघे डॉक्टर आहोत.
amhi doghe ḍɔkṭər ahot.
We are both doctors.

Other Professions

Marathi text graphic नर्सMarathi text graphic शिक्षिकाMarathi text graphic शिक्षक
Marathi text graphic वकीलMarathi text graphic इंजिनिअरMarathi text graphic क्लार्क
Marathi text graphic व्यापारीMarathi text graphic दुकानदारMarathi text graphic शिंपी
Marathi text graphic पुजारीMarathi text graphic शेतकरीMarathi text graphic गवंडी

a. Practice the conversations above as given.

b. Drill the new vocabulary on professions by asking each other about the pictures on the facing pages, e.g., ही कोण? hi koṇ? ही डॉक्टर आहे. hi ḍɔkṭər ahe.

c. Ask each other what you do, giving a variety of answers.

d. Draw an identity card and repeat exercise c, answering according to the data on your card.

e. Bring photographs or draw sketches of the members of your own family, and tell what each does.

f. Answer the following questions.

1. तुम्ही काय करता?

2. तुम्ही कुठे शिकताय?

3. तुम्ही कुठे राहता?

4. तुम्ही मराठी कुठे शिकलात?

5. तुम्हाला हिंदी येतं का?

6. तुमचे वडील काय करतात?

7. अमेरिकेत तुम्ही कोणत्या कॉलेजमध्ये शिकता?


VOCABULARY

Nouns

नोकरीnokəri f. employment, job, service

व्यवसाय, व्यवसाय vyəvəsay, vyəvəsay m. occupation, business

शेती šeti, f. farming, agriculture. 0 कर- 0 kər- to farm

जमीन jəmin f. (i) land

डी.टी.पी. युनिट ḍi. ṭi. pi. yuniṭ n. Data Processing Unit

कॉलेज, कॉलेजं kɔleǰ, kɔleǰə: n. college

इंजिनिअर, इंजिनिअर inǰiniər, inǰiniər m., f. engineer

विद्यार्थी, विद्यार्थी vidyarthi, vidyarthi m. student

विद्यार्थिनी, विद्यार्थिनी vidyarthini,

vidyarthini f. student

प्रोफेसर, प्रोफेसर profesər, profesər m., f. professor

प्राध्यापक, प्राध्यापक pradhyapək,

pradhyapək m., f. professor

अकौंटंट, अकौंटंट əkəuṇṭəṇṭ, əkəuṇṭəṇṭ m., f. accountant

डॉक्टर, डॉक्टर ḍɔkṭər, ḍɔkṭər m., f. doctor

नर्स, नर्स nərs, nərs f. nurse

वकील, वकील vəkil, vəkil m., f. lawyer

शिक्षक, शिक्षक šikšək, šikšək m. teacher

शिक्षिका, शिक्षिका šikšika, šikšika f. teacher

शेतकरी, शेतकरी šetkəri, šetkəri m. farmer

दुकानदार, दुकानदार dukandar, dukandar m. shopkeeper

कारकून, कारकून karkun, karkun m. clerk, clerical worker

क्लार्क, क्लार्क klark, klark m., f. clerk, clerical worker

पुजारी, पुजारी puǰari, puǰari m. temple priest

शिंपी, शिंपी šimpi, šimpi m. 1. tailor.

2. member of a caste cluster whose traditional occupation is tailoring.

व्यापारी, व्यापारी vyapari, vyapari m. businessman

गवंडी, गवंडी gəvəṇḍi, gəvəṇḍi m. mason

रसायनशास्त्र rəsayənšastrə n. chemistry

इतिहास itihas m. history

Verbs

कर- kər v.t. (irreg.) to do.

शिकव- šikəv- v.t. to teach

Adjectives and adverbs

स्वतः svətəhə adv. oneself, by oneself

स्वतःचं svətəhəcə: adj. one's own

Names

सदाशिव पेठ sədašiv peṭh f. Sadashiv Peth, a section of Pune City

आळंदी aəndi f. Alandi, a town famous for its Saint Dnyaneshwar temple, ten miles north of Pune.

WORD STUDY

1. The word कारकून karkun is the traditional word for an office clerk. Since such clerks were invariably men, the word is used only in the masculine. Today in modern offices both men and women work as clerical workers, and the word क्लार्क klark is used both for a woman and a man.

2. Since traditionally each caste had a particular occupation, many caste names are also names of professions. One such example is शिंपी šimpi 'tailor'. Of course, today not all people who are Shimpis by caste work as tailors. Conversely, not all tailors are Shimpis by caste. Today it is common to use टेलर ṭelər for one who is a tailor by profession.

3. In some modern areas of activity, such as higher education, English words are used in informal speech, and their Marathi equivalents in more formal contexts. Here are some examples.

InformalFormal
प्रोफेसरprofesər प्राध्यापकpradhyapək
केमिस्ट्रीkemisṭriरसायनशास्त्रrəsayənšastrə
हिस्टरीhisṭəriइतिहासitihas

4. Traditionally feminine forms were used for a number of occupations, e.g., शिक्षिका šikšika, विद्यार्थीनी vidyarthini, प्राध्यापिका pradhyapika. Today there is a tendency to use the masculine form for women as well as men, though a woman teacher is still referred to as a शिक्षिका šikšika and a woman student as a विद्यार्थीनी vidyarthini. A woman professor may be referred to as a प्राध्यापिका pradhyapika or a प्राध्यापक pradhyapək. The words डॉक्टर ḍɔkṭər, इंजिनिअर inǰiniər, वकील vəkil and अकौंटंट əkəuṇṭəṇṭ can refer either to a man or woman.


22. What Are You Doing Here?

A Maharashtrian asks an American student how long s / he has been in India.

M :तुम्हाला इथे येऊन किती दिवस झाले?tumhala ithe yeun kiti divəs jhale?How long have you been here? ['Since you came here how many days have passed?']
A :एक महिना झाला आहे.ek məhina jhala ahe.It's been one month. ['One month has passed.']
M :किती दिवस राहणार?kiti divəs rahṇar?How long are you going to stay?
A :सहा महिने.səha məhine.Six months.

Variation

M :भारतात येऊन तुम्हाला किती दिवस झाले?bharətat yeun tumhala kiti divəs jhale?How long have you been in India?
A :तीन महिने झाल?े.tin məhine jhale.It's been three months.
M :आणखी किती दिवस राहणार?aṇkhi kiti divəs rahṇar?How much longer are you going to stay?
A :तीन महिने.tin məhine.Three months.

Practice the conversation above, along with the variation.


The Maharashtrian asks the American the purpose of his / her coming.

M :तुम्ही इथे एकटे / एकट्या आलात का?tunhi ithe ekṭe / ekṭya alat ka?Did you come here alone?
A :नाही, आमचा वीस जणांचा ग्रुप आहे.nahi, amca vis jəṇanca grup ahe.No, we're a group of twenty.
M :तुम्ही काय शिकताय?tumhi kay šikta'e?What are you studying?
A :मराठी लोकांचा इतिहास आणि संस्कृती ह्याबद्दल शिकतोय.məraṭhi lokanca itihas aṇi sə̃skṛti hyabəddəl šikto'e.We are studying about the history and culture of the Marathi people.

Variation

M :तुम्ही इथे एकटेच / एकट्याच आलात का?tumhi ithe ekṭec / ekṭyac alat ka?Did you come here all by yourself?
A :नाही, आमचा पंधरा जणांचा ग्रुप आहे.nahi, amca pəndhra jəṇanca grup ahe.No, we're a group of fifteen.
M :कशासाठी आलायत?kəšasaṭhi ala'et?What have you come for?
A :भारतीय जीवनाची पहाणी करायला आलोय. bharətiyə ǰivənači pəhaṇi kərayla alo'e.We've come to observe Indian life.
M :तुम्ही इथे कॉलेजमध्ये शिकताय का? tumhi ithe kɔleǰmədhe šikta'e ka?Are you studying in a college here?
A :हो, आम्ही टिळक महाराष्ट्र विद्यापिठामधे शिकतोय. त्याशिवाय प्रत्येकाचा वैयक्तिक प्रोजेक्ट आहे.ho, amhi ṭiək məharašṭrə vidyapiṭhamədhe šikto'e. tyašivay prətyekaca vəiyəktik proǰekṭ ahe.Yes, we are studying at the Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth. Besides each one has an individual project.

A. Practice the conversation above, along with the variation.

B. Imagining you have been in Pune for a month, answer the following questions.

1. तुम्हाला इथे येऊन किती दिवस झाले?tumhala ithe yeun kiti divəs jhale?
2. आणखी किती दिवस राहणार?aṇkhi kiti divəs rahṇar?
3. तुम्ही मराठी कुठे शिकलात?tumhi məraṭhi kuṭhe šiklat?
4. मराठी शिवाय तुम्हाला कोणत्या भारतीय भाषा येतात?məraṭhi šivay tumhala koṇtya bharətiyə bhaša yetat?
5. तुम्ही कशासाठी आलायत?tumhi kəšasaṭhi ala'et?
6. तुम्ही पुण्यात कुठे राहता?tumhi puṇyat kuṭhe rahta?
7. तुम्ही पुण्यात कुठे शिकताय?tumhi puṇyat kuṭhe šikta'e?

VOCABULARY

Nouns

ग्रूप, ग्रूप grup, grup m. group

जीवन ǰivən n. life

पहाणी pəhaṇi f. observation

संस्कृती sə̃skṛti f. culture

विद्यापीठ, विद्यापिठं vidyapiṭh, vidyapiṭhə: n. university

प्रॉजेक्ट, प्रॉजेक्ट prɔjekṭ, prɔjekṭ m. project

Adjectives and Adverbs

एकटं ekṭə: adj. alone, by oneself

प्रत्येक prətyek adj. inv. each, every

वैयक्तिक vəiyəktik adj. inv. individual

Postpositions

-बद्दल bəddəl post. about

-शिवाय šivay post. besides

-साठी saṭhi post. for, for the purpose of

कशा 0 kaša 0 for what purpose

Miscellany

जण jəṇ- m., f., n. suff. a person, individual (preceded by a numeral)

Phrases

आमचा पंधरा जणांचा ग्रूप amca pəndhra jəṇanca grup our group of fifteen persons

भारतीय जीवनाची पहाणी bharətiyə jivənači pəhaṇi observation of Indian life

प्रत्येकाच वैयक्तिक प्रोजेक्ट prətyekaca vəiyəktik prɔjekṭ each one's individual project

ह्याबद्दल hyabəddəl about this

कशासाठी kəšasaṭhi for what purpose

कॉलेजमध्ये kɔleǰmədhe in college

टिळक महाराष्ट्र विद्यापिठामधे

ṭiək məharašṭrə vidyapiṭhamədhe in Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapith

त्याशिवाय tyašivay besides that

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. We have encountered several examples so far of the Perfect, a verbal construction that indicates completion of an action and that corresponds more or less to the English past tense.

(तुम्ही) मराठी कुठे शिकलात?tumhi məraṭhi kuṭhe šiklat?
तुम्हाला समजलं का?tumhala səməjlə: ka?
मी चहा घेऊन आलो / आले आहे.mi čəha gheun alo / ale ahe.
किती पैसे झाले?kiti pəise jhale?
ब्राऊन ब्रेड संपला आहे.braun breḍ səmpla ahe.

This chapter also contains the perfect forms of हो- ho- 'to become, to happen' and ये- ye- 'to come'. Both of these verbs are used very frequently, and as is true of high-frequency verbs in English, they are irregular, i.e., the bases used for the perfect of these verbs are different from the bases used for all other forms of the verbs. The perfect base of हो- ho- is झा- jha- and the perfect base of ये- ye-is - a-.

तुम्हाला इथे येऊन किती दिवस झाले?tumhala ithe yeun kiti divəs jhale?
एक महिना झाला आहे.ek məhina jhala ahe.
तुम्ही इथे एकटे / एकट्या आलात का?tumhi ithe ekṭe / ekṭya alat ka?
तुम्ही कशासाठी आलायत?(tumhi) kəšasaṭhi ala'et?
भारतीय जीवनाची पहाणी करायला आलोय.bharətiy ǰivənači pəhaṇi kərayla alo'e.

The forms झाले jhale and झाला jhala in the above sentences are the perfect forms of the verb हो- ho-. The forms आलात alat, आलायत ala'et, आलोय alo'e are perfect forms of ये- ye-. In some of these examples the perfect form is used by itself; in other cases it is accompanied by the present tense of the auxiliary (represented commonly as a contraction such as -य- 'e). The perfect without the auxiliary is usually equivalent to the English simple past (e.g., 'came'). The perfect with the auxiliary is roughly equivalent to the present perfect in English (e.g., 'have come'). The formation of the perfect of intransitive verbs will be discussed in detail in Book two.

2. The verb form येऊन yeun in the first sentence above serves as a subordinating conjunction joining two simple sentences. A very literal translation of the above sentence would be something like, 'To you having come here how many days have happened?'

3. This chapter also contains four more examples of the Imperfect B, i.e., the Imperfect used with the present auxiliary in the form of a contraction indicated by - -'e.

तुम्ही काय शिकताय?tumhi kay šikta'e?
(आम्ही) मराठी लोकांचा इतिहास आणि संस्कृती ह्याबद्दल शिकतोय.(amhi) məraṭhi lokanca itihas aṇi sə̃skṛti hyabəddəl šikto'e.
तुम्ही इथे कॉलेजमधे शिकताय का?tumhi ithe kɔleǰmədhe šikta'e ka?
आम्ही टिळक महाराष्ट्र विद्यापिठामधे शिकतोय.amhi ṭiak məharašṭrə vidyapiṭhamədhe šikto'e.

The Imperfect B aspect is used to indicate action viewed as in progress. Used with the present auxiliary, it is equivalent to what in English is called the 'present progressive' or 'present continuous.'

The Imperfect B has two forms - a formal, written form and the informal spoken form used here. The informal form is quite irregular, as you may have noticed: मी जातोय / जातेय mi jato'e / jate'e, but also आम्ही शिकतोय amhi šikto'e and तुम्ही शिकताय tumhi šikta'e. For the time being, until you have mastered the Imperfect A (simple imperfect without auxiliary), it would be best to use the Imperfect B forms as presented without trying to analyze them overly.

4. There is also one more example of the Prospective, which is used to express the subject's intention to do something.

(तुम्ही) किती दिवस राहणार (आहात)?How long are you going to stay?

23. Three Profiles

Marathi text graphicभारती कांबळे

ही भारती कांबळे. भारती अठरा वर्षांची आहे. तिचं गाव अहमदनगर.This is Bharati Kamble. She is eighteen years old. She comes from Ahmednagar.
ती विद्यार्थिनी आहे.She is a student.
ती पुण्यात शिकते-फर्ग्युसन कॉलेजमधे. ती सध्या टी. वाय्. बी. ए. ला आहे. तिचा मुख्य विषय सोशिऑलॉजी.She studies in Pune - in Fergusson College. At present she is in T.Y.B.A. [third year of B.A. course]. Her major subject is sociology.
भारती कॉलेजच्या हॉस्टेलमधे राहते आणि कॉलेजच्या मेसमधे जेवते.Bharati lives in the college hostel and eats in the college cafeteria.
ती रोज सलवार कमीज घालते. कधीकधी साडीही नेसते.She wears a salwar-kameej every day. Once in a while she wears a sari.
भारतीला नाटकं बघायला आणि वाचन करायला आवडतं.Bharati likes to see plays and to read ['to do reading'].
Marathi text graphic
अधूनमधून ती सायकलीव?र गावात फिरायला जाते.Marathi text graphicNow and then she gets out and about town ['goes to get around town'] on a bicycle.
भारतीचं लग्न झालं नाही. एम्. ए. झाल्याशिवाय तिला लग्न करायचं नाही पण तिचे आईवडील म्हणतात की तू बी. ए. झाल्यानंतर लग्न कर.Bharati is not married. ['Bharati's marriage hasn't happened.'] She does not want to marry without finishing her M.A. But her parents say that she should get married after finishing her B.A. ['But her parents say, After finishing your B.A. get married.']

Answer the following questions.

भारती किती वर्षांची आहे?bharəti kiti vəršanči ahe?
तिचं गाव कोणतं?ticə: gav koṇtə:?
ती कोणत्या कॉलेजमधे शिकते?ti koṇtya kɔleǰmədhe šikte?
तिचा मुख्य विषय काय आहे?tica mukhyə višəy kay ahe?
ती रोज साडी नेसते का?ti roj saḍi neste ka?
तिला काय करायला आवडतं?tila kay kərayla avəḍtə:?
ती स्कुटरवर गावात फिरायला जाते का?ti skuṭərvər gavat phirayla jate ka?
भारतीचं लग्न झालं आहे का?bharəticə: ləgnə jhalə: ahe ka?

सदानंद आणि आरती देव

हा सदानंद देव. सदानंद हा बायोकेमिस्ट आहे. तो पुण्याचा आहे पण सध्या तो बंगळूरमधे इंडियन इंस्टिट्यूट ऑफ सायन्समधे काम करतो.Marathi text graphic
सदानंतचं वय बत्तीस वर्ष आहे. त्याचं सगळं शिक्षण पुण्यातच झालं.Sadanand is thirty-two years of age. He had all his education right in Pune.
त्याचं लग्न झालं आहे. त्याची बायको आरती ही नागपूरची आहे. त्यांना एक मुलगी आहे.He is married. His wife Aarati is from Nagpur. They have one daughter.Marathi text graphic
आरती सुद्धा बायोकेमिस्ट आहे आणि ती त्याच इंस्टिट्यूटमध्ये काम करते. रोज सकाळी ती स्वयंपाक करते. साडेदहाला दोघेजण स्कुटरवर कामावर जातात.Aarati is also a bio-chemist, and she works in the same institute. Every morning she does cooking. At ten-thirty they both go to work on their scooter.Marathi text graphic
घरी एक बाई त्यांच्या मुलीला सांभाळते. संध्याकाळी घरी आल्यानंतर आरती परत स्वयंपाक करते. सदानंद कधीकधी तिला मदत करतो.At home a woman takes care of their daughter. In the evening after coming home Aarati again does the cooking. Sometimes Sadanand helps her.Marathi text graphic
सदानंद आणि आरतीला ट्रेकिंग करायला आवडतं. मागच्या वर्षी ते सिक्किमला ट्रेकिंग करायला गेले. घरी त्यांना वाचन करायला आणि शास्त्रीय संगीत ऐकायला आवडतं.Sadanand and Aarati like to do trekking. Last year they went to Sikkim to do trekking. At home they like to read and to listen to classical music.Marathi text graphic

A. Answer the following questions.

सदानंद देव काय करतो?

तो कोणत्या गावामधे राहतो?

त्याच्या बायकोचं नाव काय?

ती काय करते?

त्यांना किती मुलं आहेत?

त्यांच्या घरी कोण स्वयंपाक करतं?

सदानंद आणि आरतीला काय करायला आवडतं?

मागच्या वर्षी ते कुठे गेले?

B. Ask each other your own questions about Sadanand and Aarati.


अलका माने
ही अलका माने. अलका मोलकरीण म्हणून काम करते. ती दोन-चार घरांमधे काम करते. ती झाडलोट करते, कपडे धुते, पोळ्या करते, आणि भांडी घासते.This is Alka Mane. Alka works as a maid. She works in two or three houses. She does the cleaning, washes clothes, makes chapatis and does the dishes.Marathi text graphic
अलका तीस वर्षांची आहे. तिचं लग्न झालं आहे आणि तिला दोन मुलं आहेत. तिचा नवरा गवंडी म्हणून काम करतो.Alka is thirty years old. She is married and has two children. Her husband works as a mason.Marathi text graphic
अलकाचं शिक्षण फक्त पाचवीपर्यंत झालं पण ती फार हुशार आहे. ती रोज पेपर वाचते आणि रेडिओ ऐकते. ती रोज संध्याकाळी मुलांचा अभ्यास घेते.Alka has studied only up to the fifth grade. ['Alka's education has happened only up to the fifth grade'] but she is very bright. She reads the paper every day and listens to the radio. Every evening she helps the children with their studies ['She takes the children's studies'].Marathi text graphic
अलका, तिचा नवरा आणि मुलं मंगळवार पेठेत एका झोपडीत राहतात. ती रोज तिच्या आईला भेटायला जाते. ती नेहमी कामावर चालत जाते. तिचा नवरा मात्र सायकल वापरतो.Alka, her husband and children live in a hut in Mangalwar Peth. She goes to see her mother every day. She always walks to work. Her husband, though, uses a bicycle.

A. Answer the following questions.

अलका काय काम करते?

ती कुठे काम करते?

तिला किती मुलं आहेत?

तिचा नवरा काय काम करतो?

तिचं शिक्षण किती झालंय?

अलका कुठे राहते?

ती सायकल वापरते का?

B. Ask each other your own questions about Alka.

C. Ask about each other's bio-data, interests, etc.

D. If possible, procure photographs and information about individuals in India and talk about them.

E. Give a detailed description of some member of your family or a friend.


VOCABULARY

Nouns and pronouns

विषय,विषय m. subject

मेस f. (e). mess, cafeteria

सलवार, सलवारी f.(i) salwar (a baggy pajama worn under a long tunic)

कमीज, कमीज m. kameez, a long tunic worn with a salwar.

साडी, साड्या f. sari

वाचन n. reading

नाटक, नाटकं n. play (drama)

लग्न, लग्नं n. marriage 0 कर- to get married

शिक्षण n. education

स्वयंपाक m. cooking 0 कर- to do the cooking

संध्याकाळ f. evening संध्याकाळी in the evening

मदत f. (i). help 0 कर- to help

संगीत n. music शास्त्रीय 0 classical music

मोलकरीण, मोलकरणी f. (i) maidservant

काम, कामं n. work 0 कर- to work

झाडलोट f. (i) sweeping and cleaning

पोळी, पोळ्या f. chappati (flat bread of wheat flour)

नवरा, नवरे m. husband

गवंडी, गवंडी m. mason

पेपर, पेपर m. newspaper

अभ्यास m. study 0 कर- to study0 घे- to supervise someone else's study

झोपडी, झोपड्या f. hut

भांडं, भांडी n. pot, pan, vessel, dish.भांडी घास- to do the dishes

Adjectives

मुख्य adj. inv. main, major

मागचं adj. last, past मागच्या वर्षी last year

शास्त्रीय adj. inv. classical

हुशार adj. inv. bright, intelligent

पाचवं adj. (ordinal number) fifth

पाचवीपर्यंत up to the fifth (grade)

दोघे adj. (m., n., pl.) both (in reference to people) 0 जण both of them

Adverbs and postpositions

सध्या adv. at present

रोज adv. every day. 0 सकाळी every morning 0 संध्याकाळी every evening

कधीकधी adv. sometimes, once in a while

अधूनमधून adv. once in a while, now and then

नेहमी adv. always

-शिवाय post. without एम्. ए. झाल्याशिवाय without doing (her) M. A.

-नंतर post. after बी.ए. झाल्यानंतर after finishing (her) B. A.

आल्यानंतर after coming

सुद्धा adv. also

-पर्यंत post. until, up to, by

म्हणून adv. as

मात्र adv. however, for one's own part.

घरी loc. of घर at home

Verbs

जेव- v.i. to eat a meal, dine

घाल- v.t. (irreg.) to put on, wear

नेस- v.t. (sp.) to put on, wear (a garment that is wrapped around)

फिर- v.i. to go around

वापर- v.t. to use

सांभाळ- v.t. to take care

धु- v.t. (irreg) to wash

चालत जा- v.i. (irreg.) to walk, go on foot

आवड- v.i. (N-la impers.) to like

घास- v.t. to scrub, clean

Proper names

भारती f. Bharati, a given name

सदानंद m. Sadanand, a given name

देव Dev, a surname

आरती f. Arati, a given name

अलका f. Alka, a given name

माने Mane, a surname

Place names

अहमदनगर n. Ahmadnagar, a city in Western Maharashtra

बंगळूर n. Bangalore, a city in Karnataka

मंगळवार पेठ f. Mangalwar Peth, a section of Pune

GRAMMER NOTES

1. एम्. ए. झाल्याशिवाय तिला लग्न करायचं नाही, पण तिचे आईवडील म्हणतात की तू बी. ए. झाल्यानंतर लग्न कर.She does not want to marry without finishing her M.A. but her parents say after finishing your B.A. get married.

The forms झाल्याशिवाय and झाल्यानंतरare composed of the oblique form of झालं (the perfect of हो-) plus the postposition. Note that the English equivalent of झाल्याशिवाय is 'without finishing' and of झाल्यानंतर is 'after finishing.' Similarly, the passage about Sadanand and Aarti uses the form आल्यानंतर. (The formula is thus V-ल्या + post.)

संध्याकाळी घरी आल्यानंतर आरती परत स्वयंपाक करते.In the evening after coming home Aarti again does the cooking.

2. Note that for reported speech Marathi, unlike English, does not require any changes in the structure of the original statement.

तिचे आईवडील म्हणतात की तू बी. ए. झाल्यानंतर लग्न कर.Her parents say that she should get married after finishing her B.A.

3. Note that in talking about relations (children, siblings, etc.) 'to have' is expressed by N- ला N Aux.

त्यांना एक मुलगी आहे.They have one daughter. ['To them one daughter is.']
तिला दोन मुलं आहेत.She has two children.

4. When a personal noun or pronoun (i.e. a human being) is the direct object of a verb it is made indirect by the addition of ला (or the plural ना).

घरी एक बाई त्यांच्या मुलीला सांभाळते.In the house a woman takes care of their daughter.
सदानंद तिला कधीकधी मदत करतो.Sadanand sometimes helps her.
ती रोज तिच्या आईला भेटायला जाते.She goes to see her mother every day.

5. The form भेटायला (V- आयला) means 'to meet'. In some instances (as in the last sentence above) V- आयला means 'in order to V.' Here are a couple more examples of this from the text.

अधूनमधून ती सायकलीवर गावात फिरायला जाते.Now and then she goes on a bicycle to get around town.
मागच्या वर्षी ते सिक्किमला ट्रेकिंग करायला गेले.Last year they went to Sikkim to do trekking.

In other cases V- आयला means simply 'to V.' You can say for example:

आम्ही मराठी बोलायला शिकतोय.We are learning to speak Marathi.

The examples of this from the text all involve आवड- as the main verb of the sentence.

भारतीला नाटकं बघायला आणि वाचन करायला आवडतं.Bharati likes to see plays and to read.
सदानंद आणि आरतीला ट्रेकिंग करायला आवडतं.Sadanand and Aarati like to do trekking.
घरी त्यांना वाचन करायला आणि शास्त्रीय संगीत ऐकायला आवडतं.At home they like to read and to listen to classical music.

6. Note that the verb आवड- (as also समज- and the majority of Marathi verbs of perception and feeling) is always used in the N-la Impersonal Construction, where the subject is made the recipient of the action by the addition of the postposition -ला (pl. ना) and the verbs agreed with the object.

....वाचन.....आवडतं.....ट्रेकिंग....आवडतं......शास्त्रीय संगीत....आवडतं.

7. Another important N-la Impersonal construction is found in the sentence.

एम्. ए. झाल्याशिवाय तिला लग्न करायचं नाही.She does not want to get married without finishing her M.A.

The N-la V-आयचं Aux construction used to express wanting to or having to do something will be presented in detail in Unit Six.

24. Grammar

A) EXPRESSION OF HABITUAL ACTION WITH THE IMPERFECT A

You are already familiar with the Imperfect A. In Unit Four we used it to make polite requests, and earlier, in Unit Two, to express habitual action with a couple of verbs. In this unit, however, we have concentrated on the use of the Imperfect A for habitual action.

Formation of the Imperfect A. If you need to refresh your memory about the formation of the Imperfect A, you can refer to Ch. 10 where the complete paradigm of the verb बोल- is given in the Imperfect A.

Sentences with intransitive verbs. This unit contains many sentences like the following.

मी प्रभात रोडला राहतो.

मी एल्. एन्. जोशींकडे राहते.

भारती कॉलेजच्या हॉस्टेलमधे राहते आणि कॉलेजच्या मेसमधे जेवते.

ती संध्याकाळी घरी येते.

These are personal constructions, having the form N Adv. V. The verb is intransitive, and is preceded by an adverb or adverbial phrase of place or time. (The word संध्याकाळी in the example above is an old locative case form, but it functions like an adverb.)

Note that as we would expect, the question-word question is formed simple by inserting the question word in the position of the adverb.

ते कुठे राहतात?

As always, the yes-no question is formed by adding का to the statement.

तुम्ही हॉस्टेलमधे राहता का?

Sentences with transitive verbs. Here are some examples of sentences from this unit containing transitive verbs in the Imperfect A.

तो इंडियन इंस्टिट्यूट ऑफ सायन्समधे काम करतो.

मी इतिहास शिकवतो.

ती सलवार कमीज घालते.

ती पोळ्या करते.

तिचा नवरा सायकल वापरतो.

These sentences have the form N N V, where the verb is transitive, and the first noun is the subject and the second the object - direct or indirect. Keep in mind that generally a personal noun or pronoun (i.e., a human being) is not treated as a direct object, but is made indirect by the addition of the postposition-ला (pl. -ना).

सदानंद कधीकधी तिला मदत करतो.

घरी एक बाई त्यांच्या मुलीला संभाळते.

Adverbs of place and / or time may also be inserted in the N N V construction. Normally these adverbs will precede the second noun, though sometimes they come at the beginning of the sentence. (Note that in English also there is considerable freedom in the placement of the adverb.)

ती त्याच इंस्टिट्यूटमध्ये काम करते.

ती रोज सलवार-कमीज घालते.

रोज सकाळी ती स्वयंपाक करते.

B) ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

There are a number of adverbs of frequency used with the Imperfect A. Here are the ones used in this unit. You will encounter others later.

रोजevery day
रोज सकाळीevery morning
रोज संध्याकाळीevery evening
नेहमीalways
कधीकधीsometimes, once in a while
अधूनमधूनonce in a while, now and then
सध्याat present

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Conjugate the following verb phrases in the Imperfect A.

पुण्यात राह-मेसमधे जेव-
काम कर-नोकरी कर-
मराठी शिक-इतिहास शिकव-
सलवार-कमीज घाल-साडी नेस-
सायकल वापर-स्वयंपाक कर-
पोळ्या कर-झाडलोट कर-
कपडे धु-मुलांना सांभाळ-

B. Repeat exercise B in the negative Imperfect, e.g., मी पुण्यात राहत नाही (To refresh your memory, refer to the paradigm given in Chapter 10 for the verb बोल-.)

C. Answer the question as suggested.

1.तुम्ही कुठे राहता?
डेक्कन जिमखान्यावर
टिळक रोडवर
एरंडवण्याला
कोथरुडला
2.ती कुठे राहते?
मॉडेल कॉलनीत
सोमवार पेठेत
मंगळवार पेठेत
रास्ता पेठेत
3.तो कुठे राहतो?
युनिव्हर्सिटीजवळ
प्रभात रोडवर
फर्ग्युसन कॉलेज रोडवर
भांडारकर रोडवर
4.ते काय शिकवतात?
केमिस्ट्री
मराठी
जर्मन
इतिहास
फ्रेंच
रसायनशास्त्र

D. Translate the following sentences into Marathi.

1. I live on Tilak Road.

2. I stay at Dr. Pradip Bhosle's.

3. Does Dr. Bhosle teach history?

4. No, he teaches sociology.

5. Does Mrs. Bhosle have a job [do service]?

6. Do they have any children?

7. Yes, they have two.

8. He sometimes helps his wife do the cooking.

9. Do you wear a salwar-kameez every day?

10. Sometimes I wear a sari.

11. Are you learning to read Marathi?

12. No, we're learning to speak it.

13. We have come to observe Maharashtrian life.

14. We go to the university every day.

15. Each one has an individual project.

E. March the words with the pictures.

Marathi text graphicड्रायव्हर

क्लार्क

शिक्षिका

Marathi text graphicनर्स

दुकानदार

वकील

Marathi text graphicमोलकरीण

डॉक्टर

शिक्षक

Marathi text graphicशिंपी

कुंभार

पुजारी

Marathi text graphicइंजिनिअर

गवंडी

शेतकरी

F. Expressing a liking for something. (Complete the sentences on the pattern of the examples.)

1. भारतीला वाचन (N) आवडतं.

2. भारतीला नाटकं (N pl.) आवडतात.

3. मला कॉफी (F) आवडते.

4. तुला मसाला डोसा ...........का?

5. तुम्हाला चाहा ...........का?

6. आरतीला आईस्क्रिम (N) ........... .

7. आम्हाला शास्त्रीय संगीत....... .

8. त्यांना टायटॅनीक हा सिनेमा........... .

9. तुम्हाला चहामधे दूध......का?

10. जॉनला मराठी.......... .

11. मला रुपालीची इडली.............. .

Unit Six

Calendar, Time,
Invitations


25. What Day Is It Today?

Tom is trying to plan his week. He asks his friend Sanjay what day it is, much to Sanjay's amusement.

Marathi text graphic T :आज कोण वार आहे रे?Hey, what day is it today? S :आज सोमवार, उद्या मंगळवार, परवा बुधवार.....Today is Monday, tomorrow is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow is Wednesday... T :बास, बास ! तुला वाटतं की मला काही कळत नाही?That's enough! Do think I don't understand anything?

Days of the week

सोमवारMonday
मंगळवारTuesday
बुधवारWednesday
गुरुवारThursday
शुक्रवारFriday
शनिवारSaturday
रविवारSunday

Tom might just as well have asked any of the following questions.

आज कोण वार आहे?What day is it today?
उद्या कोण वार आहे?What day is it tomorrow?
परवा कोण वार आहे?What day is it the day after tomorrow?
काल कोण वार होता?What day was it yesterday?
परवा कोण वार होता?What day was it the day before yesterday?

A. Practice asking the question 'आज कोण वार आहे?' and answering with the various days of the week.

B. Ask and answer questions with उद्या, परवा and काल.


Tom asks Sanjay the date.

T:आज किती तारीख आहे?What is the date today?
S:आज पंधरा तारीख आहे.Today is the fifteenth.

Tom might also have asked any of the following questions.

T:आज किती तारीख आहे?What is the date today?
S:आज पंधरा मे आहे.It's the fifteenth of May.
T:काल किती तारीख होती?What date was yesterday?
S:काल चौदा तारीख होती.Yesterday was the fourteenth.
T:परवा किती तारीख होती?What date was it the day before yesterday?
S:परवा तेरा तारीख होती.The day before yesterday was the thirteenth.
T:उद्या किती तारीख आहे?What date is it tomorrow?
S:उद्या सोळा तारीख आहे.It's the sixteenth.
T:परवा किती तारीख आहे?What date is it the day after tomorrow?
S:परवा सतरा तारीख आहे.It's the seventeenth.
T:वीस तारखेला कोण वार आहे.What day is it on the twentieth?
S:वीस तारखेला शनिवार होता.It's Saturday.
T:सात तारखेला कोण वार होता?What day is it on the seventh?
S:रविवार होता.It's Sunday.
T:सात तारखेला तू कुठे होतास?Where were you on the seventh?
S:मी मुंबईला होतो.I was at Mumbai.
T:तू पुण्यात केव्हा परत आलास?When did you come back to Pune?
S:आठ तारखेला आलो.I came on the eighth.

Months (Roman Calendar)

In Maharashtra (and throughout India) although several calendars are used for religious purposes, the Roman calendar is used for everyday secular transactions.

जानेवारीJanuary
फेब्रुवारीFebruary
मार्चMarch
एप्रिलApril
मेMay
जूनJune
जुलैJuly
ऑगस्टAugust
सप्टेंबरSeptember
ऑक्टोबरOctober
नोव्हेंबरNovember
डिसेंबरDecember

A. Practice the exchanges given above.

B. Using a calendar, repeatedly ask the question 'आज किती तारीख आहे?' eliciting different answers. (For numbers you do not know see the list below.)

C. Ask questions of the form पंधरा तारखेला कोण वार आहे?

D. Practice reciting the numbers from 1 to 31.


Numbers

20 to 31

वीस20
एकवीस21
बावीस22
तेवीस23
चोवीस24
पंचवीस25
सव्वीस26
सत्तावीस27
अठ्‌्ठावीस28
एकोणतीस29
तीस30
एकतीस31

Some Questions and Answers

आता कोणता महिना आहे?What month is it now?
मे महिना आहे.It's the month of May.
मागचा महिना कोणता होता?What month was last month?
एप्रिल होता.It was April.
पुढचा महिना कोणता आहे?What month is next month?
जून आहे.It's June.
एका वर्षात किती महिने असतात?How many months are there in a year?
बारा असतात.There are twelve.
एका महिन्यात किती आठवडे असतात?How many weeks are there in a month?
चार आठवडे असतात.There are four weeks.
एका महिन्यात किती दिवस असतात?How many days are there in a month?
फेब्रुवारी सोडून तीस किंवा एकतीस दिवस असतात.Except for February there are thirty or thirty-one days.

Ask each other the questions given above. Give answers appropriate to the time of year.


Meena asks Helen when her birthday is.

M:तुझा वाढदिवस केव्हा आहे?When is your birthday?
H:सत्तावीस एप्रिल.April 27.
M:यंदा तू सत्तावीस एप्रिलला कुठे होतीस?Where were you on April 27 this year?
H:मी अमेरिकेत माझ्या घरी होते.I was at my home in America.

Ask each other the dates of your birthdays and where you were on that date.


VOCABULARY

Nouns and pronouns

वार, वार m. day of the week

तारीख, तारखा f. (e) date

वाढदिवस, वाढदिवस m. birthday (birth anniversary)

Day of the week

सोमवार m. Monday

मंगळवार m. Tuesday

बुधवार m. Wednesday

गुरुवार m. Thursday

शुक्रवार m. Friday

शनिवार m. Saturday

रविवार m. Sunday

Months (Roman calendar)

जानेवारी m. January

फेब्रुवारी m. February

मार्च m. March

एप्रिल m. April

मे m. May

जून m. June

जुलै m. July

ऑगस्ट m. August

सप्टेंबर m. September

ऑक्टोबर m. October

नोव्हेंबर m. November

डिसेंबर m. December

VOCABULARY

Numbers

20 to 31

वीस20
एकवीस21
बावीस22
तेवीस23
चोवीस24
पंचवीस25
सव्वीस26
सत्तावीस27
अठ्‌्ठावीस28
एकोणतीस29
तीस30
एसतीस31

Names

संजय m. Sanjay, a given name

Adverbs

काल adv. yesterday

परवा adv. the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday 0 दिवशी the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday

केव्हा adv. when

बास adv. enough

यंदा adv. this year

परत adv. back 0 ये - to come back

Verbs

वाट- v.i. (N-la impers.) to think, feel

कळ- v.i. (N-la impers.) to understand

होता / होती past tense of auxiliary

Miscellany

कोण adj. inv. which (as in 0 वार 'which day')

रे interj. interjection used in addressing a man in the familiar

Phrases

मागचा महिना last month

पुढचा महिना next month

एका वर्षात in one year

एका महिन्यात in one month

फेब्रुवारी सोडून except for February

WORD STUDY

1. Note that in Marathi the list of the days of the week starts with Monday rather than Sunday.

The remarkable thing about this list is that in both English and Marathi each day of the week is named after the same heavenly body. This identity is not apparent in the names because the English names of the days are derived from Germanic mythology while the Marathi names are derived from Sanskrit. (The English names of the heavenly bodies are derived from Latin.)

सोमवारMondayMoon
मंगळवारTuesdayMars
बुधवारWednesdayMercury
गुरुवारThursdayJupiter
शुक्रवारFridayVenus
शनिवारSaturdaySaturn
रविवारSundaySun

2. Note that परवा means both 'the day after tomorrow' and 'the day before yesterday'.

3. Note that कोण in the phrase कोण वार ('what day') and किती in the phrase किती तारीख ('what date') are both translated as 'what' or 'which'.

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. The verbs वाट- and कळ- belong to the class of verbs which require a construction in which the person is the receiver of the action, not the agent. Thus, तुला वाटतं का? 'do you think?' is literally something like 'to you is it thought?' and मला कळतं 'I understand' is literally 'to me it is understood.' We have termed such verbs N-la impersonal verbs. Such verbs are necessarily intransitive. We have encountered other example of this class of verbs: समज-, दिस-, आठव-, मिळ-, पाहिजे, नको.

2. You will have realized that होता, होती, होतास / होतीस, होतो / होते are past tense forms of the auxiliary verb अस- The full paradigm is given in Grammar Chapter 29.

3. You are by now thoroughly familiar with the present tense of the auxiliary verb अस- . But just as any other Marathi verb, the auxiliary can also be used in the imperfect, e.g., एक महिन्यात चार आठवडे असतात. This is the characteristically Marathi way of stating facts that follow a consistent rule.

4. एका is the oblique form of एक, which it must assume when it modifies a noun + postposition.

5. The phrase फेब्रुवारी सोडून which we have translated as 'except for February' literally means 'leaving aside February.'

WORD STUDY

The word रे is a vocative that is often appended to sentences addressed to a close male friend or relative. There is no real English equivalent, but रे serves some of the same functions as 'hey' in an English sentence.

26. Come On Over For Dinner

Sanjay invites Tom over for dinner.

S :परवा दिवशी आमच्याकडे जेवायला ये ना.Come on over for dinner the day after tomorrow.
T :परवा कोण वार आहे?What day is it the day after tomorrow?
S :शनिवार.Saturday.
T :सॉरी, हं. शनिवारी संध्याकाळी आमच्याकडे पाहुणे येणार आहेत.I'm sorry. We're having guests on Saturday evening.
S :मग रविवारी ये.Then come on Sunday.
T :जरूर.By all means.

A. Practice the conversation as given.

B. Repeat the conversation, varying the day of the invitation and the alternative day decided on.

C. Vary the reasons for not being able to come on the day suggested. For example:
मला काम आहे.I have work.
मी गावाला जाणार आहे.I am going out of town.
माझे आईवडील येणार आहेत.My parents are coming.
मी मराठी सिनेमा बघायला जाणार आहे.I'm going to go see a Marathi movie.


Parts of the Day (Locative Forms)

सकाळीin the morning
दुपारीin the afternoon
संध्याकाळीin the evening
रात्रीat night

Reference to a particular day (आज, उद्या, परवा, काल, सोमवारी, मंगळवारी, etc.) may be combined with the words for the parts of the day, to form phrases like the following. (Note that the names of the days of the week also require the locative* ending in the construction.)

आज सकाळीthis morning
उद्या दुपारीtomorrow afternoon
रविवारी संध्याकाळीSunday evening

Examples

आज सकाळी माझ्याकडे ये.Come to my house this morning.
उद्या दुपारी त्यांच्याकडे जा.Go to their / his / her place tomorrow afternoon.

A. Practice making phrases using the matrix below.

सकाळीदुपारीसंध्याकाळीरात्री
आज
उद्या
परवा
काल
सोमवारी

B. Invite a friend over, using various phrases from the matrix above in the pattern . . . आमच्याकडे ये.


* See the Grammar Notes at the end of this chapter for an explanation of the locative.

Meena invites Helen over to watch a Marathi movie.

M:रविवारी संध्याकाळी आमच्याकडे मराठी सिनेमा बघायला येतेस का?Would you come over Sunday evening to watch a Marathi movie?
H:सॉरी, हं. रविवारी मी मुंबईला जाणार आहे. रात्री उशिरा परत येणार.I'm sorry. I'm going to go to Mumbai on Sunday. I'll get back late at night.
M:मग सोमवारी ये.Then come on Monday.
H:जरूर.By all means.

Expand the conversation, talking about occasion for the invitation, the time, reasons for not being able to come. Here are some suggestions.

टीव्ही बघायला ये.
मराठी बोलायला ये.
आमच्याकडे पार्टी आहे.We're having a party. ['There is a party at our place'].
टीव्हीवर एक चांगला सिनेमा आहे.There's a good movie on T.V.
माझा भाऊ अमेरिकेहून येणार आहे.My brother is coming from America.
माझ्या बहिणीचं लग्न आहे.My sister is getting married ['my sister's wedding is'].

VOCABULARY

Nouns and pronouns

पाहुणा, पाहुणे m. guest

आईवडील m. pl. parents

सिनेमा, सिनेमे m. movie

पार्टी, पार्ट्या f. party

टिव्ही, टीव्ही m. television, television set

लग्न, लग्नं n. wedding

सकाळ f. morning सकाळी loc. in the morning

दुपार f. afternoon दुपारी loc. in the evening

संध्याकाळ f. evening संध्याकाळी loc. in the evening

रात्र f. night रात्री loc. at night

Other locative forms

सोमवारी on Monday

मंगळवारी on Tuesday

बुधवारी on Wednesday

गुरुवारी on Thursday

शुक्रवारी on Friday

शनिवारी on Saturday

रविवारी on Sunday

परवा दिवशी on the day after tomorrow, on the day before yesterday.

Miscellany

जरूर adv. certainly

-हून post. from

हं interj. interjection put at the end of a sentence, sometimes meaning 'mind you', sometimes simply serving to soften the force of the sentence in reference to the person addressed

उशिरा adv. late

Phrases

आमच्याकडे to our place

माझ्याकडे to my place

त्यांच्याकडे to their place

गावाला out of town

टीव्हीवर on TV

अमेरिकेहून from America

माझ्या बहिणीचं लग्न my sister's wedding

WORD STUDY

1. The verb जेव- means 'to eat a meal' or 'to dine.' However, unlike 'to dine', which is restricted to more formal contexts, जेव- is the normal word for eating a meal.

2. गावाला literally means 'to town' but the sense is most often that conveyed by the English 'out of town.'

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. A number of words in reference to time employ the old locative case ending ई. This ending has the meaning 'on,' 'in,' or in some contexts, 'at.'

सोमवारीon Monday
मंगळवारीon Tuesday
बुधवारीon Wednesday
गुरूवारीon Thursday
शुक्रवारीon Friday
शनिवारीon Saturday
रविवारीon Sunday
परवा दिवशीon the day after tomorrow, etc.
संध्याकाळीin the evening.

This is considered a case form rather than a noun with an added postposition because the noun is not in the oblique form. घरी 'at home' is another example (in reference to place) or the locative case.

2. Note the different constructions used to express 'to have', depending on the context.

मला काम आहे.I have work.
आमच्याकडे पार्टी आहे.We're having a party.

27. What Time Is It?

Susan has overslept. She asks her Maharashtrian 'sister' Vineeta what time it is.

Marathi text graphic S:किती वाजलेत गं?What time is it? V:आठ वाजलेत.It's eight o'clock. S:बापरे, मला उशीर झालाय. आठला मला तास आहे. मी पळते हं.Heavens, I'm late ['lateness has happened to me']. I have a class at eight. I'd better get going ['Ill run'].

Telling Time (Complete Hours)

The expression 'किती वाजलेत?' literally means 'How many have rung?' and probably has its origin in the practice of striking the hours on a gong.

किती वाजलेत?What time is it?
एक वाजलाय.It's one o'clock.
दोन वाजलेत.It's two o'clock.
तीन वाजलेत.It's three o'clock.

Bob has been visiting his friend Ravi.

B :किती वाजलेत रे?Say, What time is it?
R :एक वाजलाय.It's one o'clock.
B :बरं मग, येतो. दोनला मला प्रोफेसर जोशींना भेटायचं आहे.Well then, I'll be going. I have to meet Prof. Joshi at two o'clock.

A. Practice the conversations given above.

B. Make a clock out of tagboard or paper, and ask each other the time.

C. Repeat the original conversations, varying the time referred to, and the reason for having to hurry. Here some possibilities.

मला प्रोफेसर जोशींकडे जायचं आहे.I have to go to Prof. Joshi's.
मला सुनीताला भेटायचं आहे.I have to meet Sunita.
मला जीमला फोन करायचा आहे.I have to phone Jim.

Telling Time (Half Hours)

Marathi text graphicदीड वाजलाय.

Marathi text graphicअडीच वाजलेत.

Marathi text graphicसाडेतीन वाजलेत.

Marathi text graphicसाडेचार वाजलेत.

Only the expressions for 1:30 and 2:30 are irregular. From 3:30 on the form is regular.

Telling Time (Quarter Hours)

Marathi text graphicसव्वा वाजलाय.

Marathi text graphicसव्वादोन वाजलेत.

Marathi text graphicसव्वातीन वाजलेत.

Marathi text graphicसव्वाचार वाजलेत.

Marathi text graphicपाऊण वाजलाय.

Marathi text graphicपावणेदोन वाजलेत.

Marathi text graphicपावणेतीन वाजलेत.

Marathi text graphicपावणेचार वाजलेत.


Using the model clock, ask each other times on the quarter hour and the half hour.


Telling Time: Recap

Here are the times by the quarter hour from 12:00 to 4:00

बारा वाजलेत.सव्वादोन वाजलेत.
सव्वाबारा वाजलेत.अडीच वाजलेत.
साडेबारा वाजलेत.पावणेतीन वाजलेत.
पाऊण वाजलाय.तीन वाजलेत.
एक वाजलाय.सव्वातीन वाजलेत.
सव्वा वाजलाय.साडेतीन वाजलेत.
दीड वाजलाय.पावणेचार वाजलेत.
पावणेदोन वाजलेत.चार वाजलेत.
दोन वाजलेत.

Vineeta wants to make sure Susan isn't late.

V:तुला किती वाजता युनिव्हर्सिटीला जायचं आहे गं?Say, what time do you have to go to the university?
S:आठ वाजता निघायचं आहे. आता किती वाजलेत?I have to leave at eight o'clock What time is it now?
V:पावणेआठ वाजलेत.It's a quarter to eight.

At X o'clock

The expression किती वाजता? literally means 'At the ringing of how many?'

It can be answered by replacing किती with the appropriate number.

आठ वाजता निघायचं आहे.I have to leave at eight o'clock.
गाडी साडेचार वाजता निघते.The train leaves at 4:30.

The informal way of expressing 'at x o'clock' is by simply adding the postposition -ला to the appropriate number.

आठला मला तास आहे.I have a class at eight.
साडेसातला.at seven-thirty.
क्ष - ला.at X o'clock.

Using the form of the conversation above, substitute various places you have to go and time you have to be there, and then ask what time it is. Here are some possibilities.

कॉलेजमधेto the college
ऑफिसलाto the office
मराठीच्या तासालाto ['my'] Marathi class
गावालाout of town
मित्राकडे जेवायलाdo dine at a friend's house.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

उशीर m. lateness. 0 हो- v. i. (N-la impers.) to be late

तास, तास m. 1. hour. 2. period (in an educational institution)

युनिव्हर्सिटी, युनिव्हर्सिट्या f. university

ऑफीस, ऑफीसं n. office

Names

विनीता f. Vineeta, a given name

रवी m. Ravi, a given name

Number Fractions

सव्वा num. 1. one and one quarter.

2. (in expressions of time) quarter after one. 0 क्ष quarter after X

दॣड num. 1. one and one half

2. (in expressions of time) one-thirty

पाऊण num. 1. three quarters.

2. (in expressions of time) quarter to one. पावणे क्ष quarter to X

पावणे See पाऊण paun

अडीच num. 1. two and one half.

2. (in expressions of time) two-thirty.

सा॰े- one half (in compound expressions)

Verbs

किती वाजलेत? What time is it?

किती वाजता? At what time?

वाज- v. i. to ring

पळ- v.i. (irreg) to run

फोन कर- v.t. to telephone

निघ- v.i. (irreg.) to leave

Postpositions and interjections

-ला post. at, to

बापरे interj. exclamation of surprise, fear, etc.

गं interj. interjection used in addressing a woman in the familiar

Phrases

आठला at eight

साडेसातला at seven-thirty

युनिव्हर्सिटीत in the university

कॉलेजमधे in / to the college

ऑफीसला to the office

आठ वाजता at eight o'clock

मराठीच्या तासाला to (my) Marathi class

WORD STUDY

1. The addition of गं at the end of a sentence indicates that is addressed to a close woman friend (or relative). The use of गं is similar to that of the masculine रे, but while रे has a suggestion of roughness, गं implies softness or gentleness.

2. वाज- is an intransitive verb meaning 'to ring, sound'. वाजलेत is a perfect form meaning 'have rung.' किती वाजलेत thus means 'how many times has it rung?'

3. Although वर generally means 'on' in some phrases such as कॉलेजवर it means 'to'

GRAMMAR NOTE

उशीर हो- is an impersonal expression. मला उशीर झाला आहे means 'lateness has happened to me.'

28. Let's Go To Sinhgad

A Maharashtrian suggests a trip to Sinhgad to his / her American friend.

Marathi text graphic M:आम्ही सिंहगडला जाणार आहोत. येतोस / येतेस का?We're going to go to Sinhgad. Will you come [along]? A:चालेल की, केव्हा जाणार?Sure! When are we going to go? M:शनिवारी सकाळी.Saturday morning. A:कसे जाणार?How are we going to go? M:आपण बसनी जाऊ. स्वारगेटहून ती साडेसहाला सुटते.We'll go by the bus. It sets out form Swargate Bus Depot at half past six. A:बापरे, इतके लवकर निघणार?My gosh, we're going to leave so early? M:हो, वेळेवर ये. नाही तर बस चुकणार.Yes, come on time. Otherwise we're going to miss the bus.

A. Practice the conversation as given above.

B. Repeat the conversation, varying the place to go, the day and time, the mode of transport, etc.


Other Places To Go

पंढरपूरPandharpur
कारल्याची लेणीKarla Caves
भाज्याची लेणीBhaja Caves
पैठणPaithan
अजिंठा आणि वेरूळAjanta and Ellora
महाबळेश्वरMahabaleshwar

Modes of Transport

The instrumental postposition नी is added to a noun to indicate 'by means of. Generally, modes of transport are expressed in this way.

बसनीby bus
रिक्षानीby rickshaw
गाडीनीby car
रेल्वेनीby rail
विमानानीby plane

I many people's speech नं or ने is used instead of नी.

A Maharashtrian invites an American student to accompany him / her on a photo-taking expedition to Mahabaleshwar.

M:तू महाबळेश्वरला कधी गेलास / गेलीस का?Have you ever gone to Mahabaleshwar?
A:नाही गेलो / गेले.No, I haven't.
M:मला शनिवारी तिथे जाऊन फोटो काढायचे आहेत. तुला बरोबर यायचं आहे का?I want to go there on Saturday and take some pictures. Do you want to come along?
A:हो, यायचं आहे की ! जिमलाही बोलावू का?Sure, ['Yes, I certainly want to come.'] Shall I invite Jim too?
M:रू.Certainly.

A. Ask your partner if s / he has gone to the following places. (Note that places names are given here with -ला 'to'.)

महाबळेश्वरला

पंढरपूरला

सिंहगडला

अजिंठ्याला

भाज्याला

कारल्याला

B. Assume you have decided to go to Mahabaleshwar. Tell your partner when and why you are going, and ask him or her to come along. Below are some of the things you might want to do there.

मला तिथे जाऊन पक्षी बघायचे आहेत.I want to go there and do some bird. watching ['watch birds'].
मला सगळीकडे हिंडायचं आहे.I want to roam around everywhere.
मला घोड्यावर बसायचं आहे.I want to go horse back riding ['sit on a horse'].
मला गोल्फ खेळायचा आहे.I want to play golf.

C. Develop the conversation above by accepting the invitation and asking if you can bring a friend.

D. Discuss the time you are going to leave.

E. Decline the invitation. Below are some of the reasons you might give. Add some of your own.

मला काम आहे.I have work.
आमच्याकडे पाहुणे आहेत.We have guests.
माझा भाऊ येणार आहे.My brother is coming.

VOCABULARY

Nouns and pronouns

बस, बस f. bus

विमान, विमानं n. airplane

रेल्वे f. railway

कॅमेरा, कॅमेरे m. camera

वेळ, वेळा f. (e) time

लेणं, लेणी n. rock-cut temple

फोटो, फोटो m. photograph o काढ-- to take a photograph

घोडा, घोडे m. horse घोड्यावर बस- to ride a horse

गोल्फ m. golf

Verbs

सुट v.i. to start (a bus or train)

निघ v.i. (irreg.) to leave, set out

बोलाव v.t. to invite

हिंड v.i. to roam

खेळ v.t., v,t. (sp) to play

काढ v.t. to take (a photograph)

चुक v.i. to be missed, e.g., बस o to miss a bus

Adverbs

इतकं adv. var. so (much)

लवकर adv. early

बरोबर adv. along (with)

कधी adv. ever

तिथे adv. there

कसं adv. vat. how

सगळीकडे adv. everywhere

Place names

सिंहगड m. Sinhgad, a famous hill fort near Pune

पंढरपूर n. town in Solapur District, site of the annual Varkari pilgrimage.

पैठण n. town on the Godavari River, ancient capital of Maharashtra

कारल्याची लेणी n. pl. Karla Caves, (rock cut temples off Bombay-Pune Road)

भाज्याची लेणी n. pl. Bhaja Caves (rock cut temples off Bombay-Pune Road)

अजिंठा m. Ajantha, site of rock-cut temples near Aurangabad

वेरूळ n. Ellora, site of rock-cut temples near Aurangabad

महाबळेश्वर n. Mahabaleshwar, a hill station in Western Maharashtra

Postpositions

-नी post. by, by means of

Phrases

वेळेवर on time

तिथून from there

रेल्वेनी by rail

गाडीनी by car

विमानानी by plane

सिंहगडला to Singhad

बसनी by bus

रिक्षानी by rickshaw

महाबळेश्वरला to Mahabaleshwar

कारल्याला to Karla

घोड्यावर on a horse

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. गेलास and गेलीस are perfect forms of जा-.

2. The form जाऊन consists of the verbal base जा- plus the verb ending -ऊन.

मला शनिवारी तिथे जाऊन फोटो काढायचे आहेत.I want to go there on Saturday and take some pictures.

This verbal form serves as a conjunction joining two or more verbs in a series of closely related actions. The aspect or tense is shown only by the last in the series of verbs.

29. Grammar

A) THE PROSPECTIVE

So far you have encountered several sentences of the following from.

तू काय घेणार आहेस?What are you going to have?
तुम्ही किती दिवस राहणार?How long are you going to stay?
शनिवारी संध्याकाळी आमच्याकडे पाहुणे येणार आहेत.On Saturday evening some guests are coming over to our place.

These sentences are in what we have termed the prospective aspect. The formula for the prospective is N V -णार Aux. The auxiliary can be in the present, past or future tense. When used with the present auxiliary, the prospective refers to future action. Marathi also has a future tense, but the prospective differs from the future in that with the prospective the action is felt to be more imminent or definite. Note that English similarly distinguishes between 'going to V' and 'will V.'

माझी बहीण उद्या येणार आहे.My sister is going to come tomorrow.
माझी बहीण उद्या येईल.*My sister will come tomorrow.

Though the participial form V -णार should, strictly speaking, be accompanied by the auxiliary, in practice the present auxiliary is often omitted because it is understood from the context. In some cases the prospective participle without the auxiliary is used to make an emphatic, almost belligerent statement.

मी राहणार!I'm staying!
* The future tense has not yet been presented systematically. See Book 2 for a detailed treatment.

The formation of the prospective is completely regular and without any complications.

The negative of the prospective is formed by using the appropriate form (determined by the subject) of the negative Auxiliary.

माझी बहीण उद्या येणार नाही.My sister isn't going to come tomorrow.
मी राहणार नाही.I'm not going to stay.
तू चहा घेणार नाहीस का?Aren't you going to take tea?

B) आपण V- ऊ या CONSTRUCTION

Up until now we have found several sentences having the structure आपण V - ऊ या 'Let's V.'

आपण दोन रुपये देऊ या.Let's give two rupees.
आपण सिंहगडला जाऊ या.Let's go to Sinhgad.
आपण नकाशे बघू या.Let's look at some maps.
आपण सुरू करू या.Let's begin.

This construction is restricted to the first person plural inclusive.

C) PAST TENSE OF THE AUXILIARY

The auxiliary, as you know, is an independent verb in its own right, and is also an important element in many verb constructions. Unlike other verbs the auxiliary has a full range of tenses: present, past and future. The examples below illustrate the use of past tense of the auxiliary, both as an independent verb and as an element in a verbal construction

काल कोण वार होता?What day was it yesterday?
परवा किती तारीख होती?What date was it day before yesterday?
सात तारखेला तू कुठे होतास?Where were you on the seventh?
तुम्ही दिवसभर ऑफिसमधे होता का?Were you in the office all day long?
तुम्ही आज बाहेर गेला होता का?Had you gone out today?

The stem for the past tense of the auxiliary अस- is होत-. The endings are given in Table 10 below.

Table 10. Past endings of auxiliary

PersonSingularPlural
MFN
1-
2आसईस-
3या
MFN

Note that in the third person the endings are the same as the variable adjective endings.

The full paradigm of the past tense of अस- is given below.

मी होतोI (m.) was
मी होतेI (f.) was
तू होतासyou (m.) were
तू होतीसyou (f.) were
तो होताhe, it was
ती होतीshe, it was
ते होतंit was
आम्ही होतोwe were
तुम्ही होताyou were
ते होतेthey (m.) were
त्या होत्याthey (f.) were
ती होतीthey (n.) were

D) N ला V- आयचं AUX CONSTRUCTION

This unit has contained many sentences having the strcture N- ला -V- आयचं Aux.

मला महाबळेश्वरला जायचं आहे.I want to go to Mahabaleshwar.
तुला बरोबर यायचं आहे का?Do you want to come along?
मला गोल्फ खेळायचा आहे.I want to play golf.
मला सुनीताला भेटायचं आहे.I want to meet Suneeta.

We have translated each sentence with 'want to V', although in some cases (especially the first and last examples) the sense may be 'have to V'.

In these examples we can see that the Marathi sentences are distinctly different from their English counterparts. In each English sentence a person - or a pronoun standing for a person - is the agent of the action and the subject of the sentence: 'I want to V', 'Do you want to V?', etc. In the corresponding Marathi sentences the person is the receiver of the action and is grammatically the indirect object. It is almost impossible to give a literal translation of these sentences, but an approximation of the first one would be something like 'To me going to Mahabaleshwar is wanted.' Like मला मराठी येतं this construction is part of the class of Marathi impersonal constructions - that is, constructions in which the person is seen as the receiver of the action rather than the agent.

Formation. V- आयचं is a verbal adjective formed by adding आयचं to the verbal base.

The same morphophonemic rules which operate in the formation of the imperative plural also operate here.

1. and become before the addition of आ.

घे-घ्याघ्यायचं
दे-द्याद्यायचं
ये-यायायचं
घे-घ्याघ्यायचं

2. is inserted after before the addition of आ.

धु-धुवाधुवायचं

3. The combination of आ + आ becomes आ.

खा-खाखायचं

4. In a word of two or more syllables ending in the sequence VwCVwC, if the second vowel is or or it is deleted before a vowel.

As the effect of this rule is not apparent in the Devanagari script we have also shown the pronunciation in Roman script in the examples below.

उघडughəḍउघडायचंughdaycə:
दाखवdakhəvदाखवायचंdakhvaycə:

Agreement. As V- आयचं is a verbal adjective it takes the set of regular adjective endings. The ending of V- आयचं agrees with the direct object of the verb.

मला कॉफी घ्यायची आहे.I want to have ['take'] coffee.
मला चहा घ्यायचा आहे.I want to have ['take'] tea.

If the verb is intransitive it has no direct object to agree with; therefore the ending is neuter singular by default.

मला महाबळेश्वरला जायचं आहे.I want to go to Mahabaleshwar.

A person cannot normally be treated as a direct object, but must be made indirect. Therefore in this case too the ending of V- आयचं is neuter singular by default.

मला सुनीताला भेटायचं आहे.I want to meet Suneeta.

Since the verb in the N- ला V- आयचं Aux. construction is governed by the direct object, it follows that a change in the person (N- ला) does not affect the remainder of the sentence.

मला कॉफी घ्यायची आहे.I want to have coffee.
तुला कॉफी घ्यायची आहे का?Do you want to have coffee?
तिला कॉफी घ्यायची आहे.She wants to have coffee.
त्यांना कॉफी घ्यायची आहे.They want to have coffee.

In addition to the ending of V- आयचं the auxiliary must also agree with the direct object.

तिला देऊळ बघायचं आहे.She wants to see the temple.
तिला देवळं बघायची आहेत.She wants to see the temples.

It should be noted that although in all our examples we have written the auxiliary seperately from v- आयचं, in actual speech the present tense forms are contracted. It is difficult to capture this contraction in the Devanagari script, but the examples below illustrated some at the conventional ways of writing the spoken forms.

तिला देऊळ बघायचंय.

तिला देवळं बघायचीयत.

The negative of the N- ला V- आयचं Aux. construction is formed by simply substituting the negative Auxiliary for the Auxiliary.

एम्. ए. झाल्याशिवाय तिला लग्न करायचं नाही.She does not want to get married without finishing her M.A.
मला कॉफी घ्यायची नाही.I don't want to get ['take'] coffee.
मला महाबळेश्वरला जायचं नाही.I don't want to go to Mahabaleshwar.

E) THE INSTRUMENTAL POSTPOSITION

In this unit instrumental postposition -नी was used in phrases indicating modes of transport.

बसनीby bus
विमानानीby plane

The same postposition is also used to mean 'by' when speaking of tools, instruments, ways, means or routes (via).

आम्ही हातानी जेवतो.We eat with our hands ['hand'].
आम्ही कानानी ऐकतो.We hear with our ears ['ear'].
बस नाशिक मार्गानी जाते.The bus goes via Nasik.

Many speakers use ने instead of नी. This is, in fact, the formal written form: 'आम्ही हाताने जेवतो'. Some speakers use नं. The change of formal to informal is a regular feature in Marathi. The neuter singular ending of adjectives varies in this way, as does the ending of some adverbs. The two words below are merely examples of a large number which show the same variation.

FormalInformal
मोठेमोठं
तिथेतिथं

Although with a singular noun or pronoun there are these variants of the instrumental postposition, with a plural the postposition is invariably नी, preceded by an anusvar.

आम्ही काट्या-चमच्यांनी जेवतो.We eat with forks and spoons.

F) ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS OF TIME

Adverbs. There are a number of adverbs of time, many of which have been used in this unit.

आजtoday
उद्याtomorrow
कालyesterday
परवाthe day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday
आताnow
नंतरlater
लवकरsoon, early, quickly

The adverbs of frequency introduced in Unit Five may also be considered adverbs of time.

Locative forms. For many words connected with time the old locative ending is used. This ending has the meaning 'in', 'at', or 'on'. (Note that we cannot consider as a postposition because it does not require the preceding word to be in the oblique. For this reason we have to consider this form as a remnant of an old case form.)

सकाळीin the morning
दुपारीin the afternoon
संध्याकाळीin the evening
रात्रीat night
सोमवारीon Monday
मंगळवारीon Tuesday
बुधवारीon Wednesday
गुरुवारीon Thursday
शुक्रवारीon Friday
शनिवारीon Saturday
रविवारीon Sunday

In addition to individual locatives, there are many phrases consisting of an adverb followed by a locative of time. In expressions referring to days of the week both words may be in the locative.

आज सकाळीthis morning
आज संध्याकाळीthis evening
काल रात्रीlast night
उद्या दुपारीtomorrow afternoon
रोज सकाळीevery morning
शनिवारी सकाळीSaturday morning

In some phrases the first word is an adjective or demonstrative pronoun. Note that these must be in the oblique form.

मागच्या सोमवारी(on) last Monday
पुढच्या शनिवारी(on) next Saturday
ह्या वर्षी(in) this year

Other adverbial phrases of time. In addition to the phrases described above, there are many adverbial phrases of time consisting of a noun or a pronoun followed by a postposition. A few examples are given below.

ह्या आठवड्यातin this week
मागच्या महिन्यातduring the last month
पुढच्या वर्षीin the next year
एका दिवसातin one day
आठलाat eight
वेळेवरon time

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Conjugate the following verb phrases in the prospective and negative prospective.

महाबळेश्वरला जा-

सकाळी लवकर निघ-

घोड्यावर बस-

सगळीकडे हिंड-

फोटो काढ-

पक्षी बघ-

गोल्फ खेळ-

रविवारी रात्री परत ये-

B. Use the following verb phrases in the आपण V- ऊ या construction.

त्यांच्याकडे जा-

कॉफी घे-

डोसा खा-

घोड्यावर बस-

तिला जेवायला बोलाव-

झाडलोट कर-

कपडे धु-

स्वयंपाक कर-

भांडी घास-

C. Add आयचं to each of the following verbs.

जा-सांग-धु-
ये-बोल-ठेव-
कर-ऐक-दाखव-
घे-वाच-निघ-
शिक-दे-खा-

D. Conjugate the following verb phrases using the N- ला V- आयचं Aux. construction. (In this case 'conjugate' mean using the construction with each indirect object pronoun, i.e., मला, तुला, त्याला, तिला, etc.) In using the second person pronoun make yes-no question, e.g., तुला हे पुस्तक वाचायचं आहे का?

मराठी शिक-अरुणकडे जा-
अभ्यास कर-प्रोफेसर देशपांडयांना भेट-
हे पुस्तक वाच-आईला फोन कर-
खूप पुस्तकं वाच-काही लोकांना बोलाव-
सकाळी लवकर निघ-टीव्ही बघ-

E. Repeat exercise D using the negative Auxiliary.

F. Give the past tense of the auxiliary that goes with each noun or pronoun.

वारतू (f.)
तारीखदिलीप
मी (m.)सुनीता
आम्हीमी (f.)
माझा भाऊतुझे वडील

G. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. आपण उद्या सकाळी मुंबईला जाऊ या.

2. आपण साडेसहाच्या बसनी जाऊ या.

3. आम्ही गुरुवारी अजिंठा आणि वेरूळला जाणार आहोत.

4. तुला यायचं आहे का?

5. तुम्ही किती वाजता निघणार आहात?

6. तुम्ही आरतीकडे जाणार आहात का?

7. तुम्ही केव्हा परत येणार आहात?

8. मला देवळाचे फोटो काढायचे आहेत.

9. आज दुपारी मला मुलांना इंग्रजी शिकवायचं आहे.

10. उद्या संध्याकाळी तुला त्याच्याकडे जायचं आहे का?

11. शनिवारी संध्याकाळी आमच्याकडे जेवायला ये.

12. जरूर, किती वाजता येऊ?

13. किती वाजलेत?

14. पावणेसात वाजलेत.

15. आपण साडेसातला निघू या.

16. तू सत्तावीस तारखेला कुठं होतीस?

H. Translate the following sentences into Marathi.

1. My brother is going to come from America next week. Come to meet him on Friday evening.

2. What time shall I come?

3. Come at eight.

4. Let's have some coffee.

5. Let's go to a play.

6. I have to study.

7. What time is it?

8. It's quarter to eight.

9. What's the date today?

10. It's the seventeenth of May.

11. Do you want to take this book?

12. I want to listen to some classical music.

13. What day was it on the twenty-seventh?

14. I was in Kolhapur day before yesterday.

Unit Seven

Asking Your Way Around


30. Where Is The Vegetable Market?

Vegetable Market and Environs

Marathi text graphic 1. स्वागत हॉटेल9. राम मंदिर 2. शाळा नंबर एक10. राजवाडा 3. एस्. टी. स्टँड11. झोपडपट्‌्टी 4. मंडई12. नगरपालिका 5. इडली हाऊस13. स्टेट बँक 6. पेट्रोल पंप14. शिवाजी पुतळा 7. सिनेमा थिएटर15. आंबेडकर पुतळा 8. पोस्ट ऑफिस Marathi text graphic मंडई कुठे आहे?Where is the vegetable market? इथे आहे.It is here. पोस्ट ऑफिस कुठे आहे?Where is the post office? तिथे आहे.It is there. पोस्ट ऑफिस मंडईजवळ आहे.The post office is near the vegetable market. पोस्ट ऑफिस मंडईच्या मागे आहे.The post office is behind the vegetable market. पोस्ट ऑफिस राजवाड्याच्या पाठीमागे आहे.The post office is right in back of the palace. इडली हाऊस मंडईच्या शेजारी आहे.The Idli House is next to the vegetable market. सिनेमा थिएटर पोस्ट ऑफीसच्या शेजारी आहे.The movie theater is next to the post office. शाळा नंबर एक पेट्रोलपंपच्या समोर आहे. ती स्वागत हॉटेलच्या शेजारी आहे.School number one is across from the gas station. It is next to the Swagat Hotel. राम मंदिर राजवाड्याच्या अलीकडे आहे. झोपडपट्‌्टी राजवाड्याच्या पलीकडे आहे.The Rama temple is on this side of the palace. The Shanty town is beyond the palace. साखर कारखाना गावाच्या बाहेर आहे- नदीच्या पलीकडे.The sugar factory is outside town - beyond the river. शिवाजी पुतळा एस्. टी. स्टँडजवळ आहे.The Shivaji statue is near the S.T. Bus depot. आंबेडकर पुतळा आंबेडकर चौकात आहे.The Ambedkar statue is in the Ambedkar intersection.

A. Use the pictures in the accompanying 'Small Town Scenes' to study the new vocabulary. Go round your class or group identifying each picture represents.

B. Ask each other the location of the various places on the map with reference to each other, using postpositional phrases as above.


Small Town Scenes

Marathi text graphicरस्ता

Marathi text graphicपूल

Marathi text graphicदेऊळ

Marathi text graphicकारखाना

Marathi text graphicपेट्रोल पंप

Marathi text graphicएस्. टी. स्टँड

Marathi text graphicहॉटेल

Marathi text graphicबाजारपेठ

Small Town Scenes

Marathi text graphicदुकान

Marathi text graphicमंडई

Marathi text graphicबँक

Marathi text graphicसिनेमा थिएटर

Marathi text graphicशाळा

Marathi text graphicझोपडपट्‌्टी

Marathi text graphicनगर पालिका

Marathi text graphicदवाखाना

Marathi text graphicराजवाडा

Government Dispensary and Envirouns

Marathi text graphic1. सरकारी दवाखाना

2. साडी सेंटर

3. सेंट्रल बँक

4. मेडिकल स्टोअर्स

5. सरकारी डॉक्टरांचं घर

6. बर्वे हॉस्पिटल


A. Study the map above and say whether each of the following statements is true (खरं) or false (खोटं).

सरकारी दवाखाना शिंपी आळीत आहे.

साडी सेंटर सरकारी दवाखान्याशेजारी आहे.

सरकारी डॉक्टरांचं घर सरकारी दवाखान्यासमोर आहे.

बर्वे हॉस्पिटल मेडिकल स्टोअर्सच्या शेजारी आहे.

B. Ask each other the location of the various places on the map. Make sure first to establish your reference point.


VOCABULARY

Nouns

मंडई, मंड्या f. roofed produce market

पोस्ट ऑफीस, पोस्ट ऑफिसं n. post office

राजवाडा, राजवाडे m. palace

सिनेमा, सिनेमे m. movie

शाळा, शाळा f. school

पेट्रोल पंप, पेट्रोल पंप m. gas station

हॉटेल, हॉटेलं n. restaurant

मंदिर, मंदिरं n. temple

झोपडपट्‌्टी, झोपडपट्‌ट्या f. shanty town, slum

कारखाना, कारखाने m. factory

एस्. टी. स्टँड, एस्. टी. स्टँड

m. S. T. (State Transport) bus depot

बँक, बँका f. (e) bank

पूल, पूल m. bridge

दवाखाना, दवाखाने m. dispensary, medical clinic

आळी, आळ्या f. lane

हॉस्पिटल, हॉस्पिटलं n. hospital

पुतळा, पुतळे m. statue

नगरपालिका, नगरपालिका 1. Municipal council. 2. City Hall

मेडिकल स्टोअर्स drug store

Names

शिवाजी m. Shivaji, a given name; seventeenth-century Maratha king.

आंबेडकर Ambedkar, a surname; twentieth-century leader of the Dalits

बर्वे Barve, a surname

Adjectives

सरकारी adj. inv. government ('governmental')

खरं adj. true

खोटं adj. false

-च्या oblique form of possessive adjective चं

Adverbs and postpositions

-मागे post. behind

-पाठीमागे post. right in back of

-शेजारी post. next to

-अलीकडे post. on this side of

-पलीकडे post. beyond, on the far side of

-बाहेर post. outside of

Phrases

मंडईजवळ near the vegetable market

मंडईच्या मागे behind the vegetable market

राजवाड्याच्या पाठीमागे in back of the palace

मंडईच्या शेजारी next to the vegetable market

पोस्ट ऑफिसच्या शेजारी next to the post office

पेट्रोलपंपच्या समोर across from the gas station

शिंपी आळीत, in Shimpi Ali

सरकारी दवाखान्या शेजारी next to the government dispensary

सरकारी दवाखान्यासमोर opposite the government dispensary

स्वागत हॉटेलच्या शेजारी next to the Swagat Hotel

राजवाड्याच्या अलीकडे on this side of the palace

राजवाड्याच्या पलीकडे beyond the palace

गावच्या बाहेर outside of town

नदीच्या पलीकडे beyond the river

WORD STUDY

1. देऊळ is the common word for 'temple' while मंदिर is the formal word and is used primarily as a proper noun. Note the difference in grammatical usage between रामचं देऊळं and राम मंदिर. The first uses the possessive चं 'Ram's temple', while the second does not use the possessive: 'the Ram temple.'

2. Businesses, institutions and public spaces in Maharashtra (and throughout India) have various types of names. Many, of course, are named after great men or women (e.g., Shivaji, Ambedkar, Rani of Jhansi) or local figures. Other are named after gods, figures from mythology, or family members. Many names, like 'Super Market,' are pure English. Lanes often bear the name of the caste cluster whose members predominate in the neighborhood (e.g., Shimpi Ali, Brahman Ali).

CULTURAL NOTES

1. Shivaji was a seventeenth-century Maratha leader who organized resistance against the Moghul rulers and established an independent Maratha Kingdom. He was crowned king (छत्रपती) in 1674. Shivaji holds an unparalled place in the heroic tradition of Maharashtra, and has become a symbol of Maharashtrian pride.

2. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji ('Babasaheb') Ambedkar (1891-1956) was born a Mahar, a member of Maharashtra's major Scheduled Caste. An erudite man (Doctor of Laws from Columbia University and Barrister at Law from London) and a dynamic leader, Ambedkar led the fight against Untouchability. He was the founder of the Republican Party of India and the main architect of the Indian constitution. Before his death in 1956 Ambedkar rejected Hinduism and embraced Buddhism. Since then, millions of his followers have become Buddhists.

31. How Do You Get To The High School?

An American student asks for directions in Phaltan.

Marathi text graphic A:हायस्कूलला कसं जायचं?How do you get to the high school? M:कोणतं हायस्कूल?Which high school? A:मुधोजी हायस्कूल.Mudhoji High School. M:ह्या रोडनी असं सरळ जा, शिवाजी पुतळ्यापर्यंत. तिथे डावीकडे वळून एक चौक जा. मग एक दगडी इमारत दिसेल. तेच मुधोजी हायस्कूल.Go straight along this road, up to the Shivaji statue. Turn left there and go to the next intersection ['go one intersection']. Then you will see a stone building ['a stone building will appear']. That's Mudhoji High School.

Variations

उजवीकडे वळून एक चौक जा.Turn right and go to the next intersection.
डाव्या / उजव्या हाताला इमारत दिसेल.You will see the building on the left / right hand side.

The student asks how to get to various places.

A:पोस्ट ऑफिसला कसं जायचं?How do you get to the post office?
M:ह्या रोडनी असं सरळ जा मंडईपर्यंत. तिथे डावीकडे वळून पुढे जा. पोस्ट ऑफिस डावीकडे दिसेल.Go straight along this road up to the vegetables market. Turn left there and go straight ahead. You will see the post office on the left.
A:मला स्टेट बँकेत जायचं आहे. ती कुठे आहे?I want to go to the State bank. Where is it?
M:आंबेडकर पुतळा दिसतो ना? त्याच्यापुढे सरळ जा. डावीकडे स्टेट बँक दिसेल.You see the Ambedkar statue, don't you? Go on straight ahead past that. You will see the State Bank of the left.
A:मला ज्ञानेश्वर मंदिर बघायचं आहे. तिथे कसं जायचं?I want to see the Jnaneshwar temple. How do you get there?
M:ते स्टेट बँकेच्या मागे आहे. बँकेच्या शेजारी वाट आहे. तिथून मागे जा.It's behind the State Bank. Next to the bank there's a path. Go to the back from there.

Landmarks

In finding way around an Indian town or city you will often discover that an address is not of much use, particularly in the older area of town. People generally describe locations in terms of landmarks such as temples, movie theaters, gas stations, or trees.

देवीच्या देवळासमोरopposite the temple of the goddess
अलका टॉकीजच्या शेजारीnext to the Alka Talkies
गोगटे पेट्रोल पंपाजवळnear the Gogate Gas Station
वडाच्या / पिंपळाच्या झाडापर्यंतup to the banyan / peepul tree

A. Using the map in the previous chapter, ask each other how to get to various places. Make sure to establish a reference point first from which to start.

B. Using a map of your local campus or town (or, weather permitting, going outside!) ask each other to get to various places.


VOCABULARY

Nouns

हायस्कूल, हायस्कूल m. high school

रोड, रोड m. road, street

वाट, वाटा f. path

हात, हात m. hand

देवी, देवी f. goddess

वड, वड m. banyan tree

पिंपळ, पिंपळ m. peepul tree

Verbs

वळ- v. i. to turn

Adjective

डावं adj. left.

उजवं adj. right

दगडी adj. inv. stone

Names

मुधोजी m. Mudhoji, a given name

ज्ञानेश्वर m. Jnaneshwar, Marathi saint - poet of the thirteenth century

गोगटे Gogate, a surname

Adverbs and postpositions

सरळ adv. straight

डावीकडे adv. on / to / at the left

उजवीकडे adv. on / to / at the right

पुढे adv. ahead

-नी post. by, by means of

-पर्यंत post. up to

-कडे post. at, to, on

Phrases

ह्या रोडनी by this road

शिवाजी पुतळ्यापर्यंत upto the Shivaji statue

डाव्या / उजव्या हाताला on the left / right hand side

पोस्ट ऑफिसला to the post office

मंडईपर्यंत up to the vegetable market

स्टेट बँकेत to the State Bank

चौकात in the intersection

त्याच्यापुढे on ahead past that

स्टेट बँकेच्या मागे next to the bank

तेथून from there

देवीच्या देवळासमोर across from the temple of the goddess

अलका टॉकीजच्या शेजारी next to the Alka Talkies

गोगटे पेट्रोल पंपाजवळ near the Gogate Gas Station

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. In the majority of sentences we have encountered so far, we find that aside from word order and morphology, the Marathi and English sentences are closely parallel. If the Marathi sentence has an intransitive verb, the English sentence usually does too. If the Marathi sentence has subject, object, verb, the English sentence has subject, verb, object. There is, however, a large class of Marathi constructions which pattern very differently from their nearest English equivalents. These are constructions where the native speaker of English expects a person to be the agent of the action, but the person is instead the receiver of the action.

एक दगडी इमारत दिसेल.You will see a stone building.

A literal translation of the sentence above would be 'a stone building will appear.' (The form दिसेल is a third person singular future form.)

Another impersonal construction is found in the following sentences.

मला स्टेट बँकेत जायचं आहे.I want to go to the State Bank.
मला ज्ञानेश्वर मंदिर बघायचं आहे.I want to see the Jnaneshwar temple.

It is difficult to give a literal translation of these sentences. The first might be awkwardly rendered as 'to me going to the State Bank is wanted.' Note that the person 'I' is the indirect object of the action rather than the agent.

The impersonal construction in its purest form can be seen in the sentences below.

पोस्ट ऑफिसला कसं जायचं?How does one go to the post office?

Note that the Marathi sentence makes no reference to a person at all, while in the English translation we feel compelled to use a personal agent 'one' or, more informally, 'you.' A speaker of Indian English might translate this sentence as 'How to go to the post office?

2. This chapter contains a number of sentences with the verb form वळून.

तिथे डावीकडे वळून एक चौक जा.Turn left and go to the next intersection.

The form वळून consists of the verbal base वळ- plus the non-finite verb ending ऊन. The non-finite verb form serves as a subordinating conjunction joining two or more verbs in a series of closely related actions. The non-finite form is used for each verb in the series except the last. It remains unchanged, no matter what is the tense or aspect of the final verb.

आत जाऊन बघून ये.Go inside and look [and come back.]
मी आत जाऊन बघून येतो / येते.I'll go inside and look [and come back.]


CULTURAL NOTE

Jnaneshwar was a thirteenth-century saint poet. His Jnaneshwari, a poetic translation and commentry on the Bhagavad Gita, is a major landmark of Marathi literature.


32. Do You Want To Go For Your Bath?

Jon's host 'mother' asks if he wants to go for his bath.

Marathi text graphic M:पाणी तापलं आहे. तुला अंघोळीला जायचं आहे का?The water is hot ['has heated']. Do you want to go for a bath? J:हो, दोन मिनटांत. मी कपडे आणि टॉवेल घेऊन येतो.Yes, just two minutes ['in two minutes']. I'll get my clothes and towel.

Variation

पाणी तापलं आहे. तू अंघोळीला जातोस / जातेस का?The water is hot. Will you go for a bath now?
मी अभ्यास करतोय / करतेय. मी थोड्या वेळानी जाऊ का?I'm studying. Would it be OK if I went a little later?

Sophie asks her host 'mother' if she can go for a bath.

S:तुमची अंघोळ झाली आहे का?Have you had your bath?
M:हो, झाली आहे.Yes, I have.
S:मी आत्ता जाऊ का?Is it OK if I go now?
M:हो, जा की. पण पटकन उरक. बाबांनाही जायचं आहे.Yes, go ahead. But do it fast ['finish up quickly']. Father also wants to go for his bath.

Variations

आज मला कॉलेजवर लवकर जायचं आहे.I want to go to college early today. May
मी लगेच अंघोळीला जाऊ का?I go for a bath right away?
थोडा वेळ थांब, बाबांची अंघोळ झाल्यानंतर तू जा.Wait a little while. After father has had his bath you can go ['you go'].

Bill asks his host 'mother' if the bath water is hot.

पाणी तापलं आहे का?Is the water hot?
नाही, अजून पाच-दहा मिनिटं लागतील.No, it will still take another five or ten minutes.

Role-play these situations, improvising your own conversation.


A guest arrives in the evening after a long journey. The hostess offers to direct him / her to the bathroom.

H:तुम्हांला बाथरुमला जायचं आहे का?You probably want to go to the bathroom.
G:हो, ना. कुठे आहे?Yes, I do. Where is it?
H:आतमधे जा. उजवीकडचं पहिलं दार बाथरुमचं आहे.Go inside. The first door on the right is the bathroom.
G:थँक यू.Thank you.

Variations

1.H :तुम्हाला बाथरुमला जायचं आहे का?Do you want to go to the bathroom?
G :नको, थँक यू.No, thank you.
2.G :बाथरूम कुठे आहे?Where is the bathroom?
H :उजवीकडचं पहिलं दार.The first door on the right.

The hostess explains that the toilet is an Indian-style one.

H :आमच्याकडचा संडास इंडीयन स्टाइलचा आहे. तो तुम्हाला चालेल का?Our toilet is an Indian-style one. Will that be OK with you?
G:हो, चालेल. मला सवय आहे.Yes, of course! I'm used to it ['I have the habit'].

The hostess asks the guest if s / he would like to have a bath.

H :तुम्हाला अंघोळ करायची आहे का?Do you want to take a bath?
G :नको, मी फक्त हात - पाय धुतो / धुते.No, I'll just wash up ['was my hands and feet'].

1. Role-play the situation of a host or hostess receiving a guest, directing her / him to the bathroom and asking if s / he wants to take a bath.

2. Assuming that you are a guest who has arrived in the evening, respond to the following.

a : तुम्हाला हात - पाय धुवायचे आहेत का?

b : तुम्हाला आत्ता अंघोळ करायची आहे का?

c : तुमच्याकडे टॉवेल आणि साबण आहे का?

d : मी साबण आणि टॉवेल देऊ का?


Using the Bathroom and Toilet

In regard to bathroom and toilet there are considerable differences between rural and urban and between the poor and the better-off. The facilities described here are typical of middle and upper middle-class urban houses.

There is general agreement about one thing: the necessity of having a bath every morning. Note that the bath must be in the morning. If for some reason (such as having come back from a journey) you want to take a bath in the evening, that is usually acceptable. But it will still be expected that the person will bathe again the next morning. In short, the significance of a bath goes beyond its purely utilitarian function.

Sanitary facilities. Typically, the toilet and bathrooms are in separate adjoining rooms, with a wash basin outside. This enables three people to use the facilities at the same time - an arrangement which makes good sense since the household normally has only one set of facilities for the family and guests. As many households have a fairly large number of people all wanting to use the toilet and bathroom at approximately the same time, there is usually an unstated protocol as to who goes when. A guest should be sensitive to this, and should ask when s / he can bathe without inconveniencing anyone.

Toilet: The Indian-style toilet (संडास) is a keyhole-shaped bowl set into the floor. A few inches above floor level there is a water tap with a mug. The user squats over the toilet and afterwards washes him / herself with the left hand. (Toilet paper is available in some stores, but it is best to learn to do without it as it can cause problems in the waste disposal system.) Remember always to flush the toilet. If necessary you should also use the toilet brush provided to clean the bowl. Men using the toilet as a urinal should be careful to pour water on the floor surrounding the toilet bowl. Wash your hands at the basin outside, preferably with your own soap.

Note that the common idiom used (especially by women) to express 'going to the bathroom' (i.e., using the toilet) is based on the phrase बाथरूमला जा- (Men more generally would use the phrase टॉयलेटला जा- or संडासला जा-).

Bathroom: The actual bathroom in a Maharashtrian house however is just that - a room for taking a bath. In most urban houses it also doubles as a laundry. The bathroom typically is a plain room, with flooring of stone flags or ceremic tiles, a floor drain, a water tap (sometimes with a shower arrangement). Today most homes have an electric water heater.

When going for a bath take your own towel, soap and shampoo to the bathroom. In many houses people also take fresh clothes so that they can dress in the bathroom as there is limited privacy for dressing elsewhere.

To take a bath in the traditional way you fill a bucket with warm water and sit in front of it on a पाट, a wooden platform (today, more often a plastic one). Using a mug you pour water over yourself with one hand while soaping yourself with the other. Washcloths are not commonly used but are available in stores.

In most households clothes to be washed are left in a bucket in the bathroom. You should ask about the arrangements in your host family and should leave clothes for washing only with the permission of your host mother. In any case, you should wash your own handkerchiefs and underclothes.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

अंघोळ, अंघोळी f. (i) bath o कर- to take a bath. अंघोळीला जा- to go for a bath

टॉवेल, टॉवेल m. towel

वेळ m. time (duration)

बाबा m. pl. father (term of reference and address)

बाथरूम f. bathroom बाथरूमला जा- to go to the toilet

संडास, संडास m. toilet संडासला जा- to go to the toilet

सवय, सवयी, f. (i) habit o अस- to be used to

टॉयलेट m. toilet टॉयलेटला जा- to go to the toilet

हात, हात m. hand, arm

पाय, पाय m. foot, leg

Verbs

ताप- v.i. to heat, become hot

लाग- v.i. (N-la impers.) to require, need

चाल- v.i. to be acceptable.चालेल it will be OK

उरक v.t. to finish up

Adjective and Adverbs

गरम adj. inv. hot

पटकन adv. quickly

लगेच adv. right away, immediately

अजून adv. still

आतमधे adv. inside, within

पहिलं adj. first

Phrases

थोड्या वेळानी in a little while

अंघोळीला for a bath

उजवीकडचं पहिलं दार the first door on the right

आमच्याकडचा संडास our toilet.

33. Grammar

A) N ADV AUX CONSTRUCTION

This unit introduces adverbs and adverbial phrases of place. The majority of the examples used are of the form N Adv Aux, 'N (be) Adv.'

मंडई इथे आहे.The vegetable market is here.
पोस्ट ऑफिस मंडईजवळ आहे.The post office is near the vegetable market.

The interrogative adverb of place (most commonly, कुठे) can be inserted in the adverb position.

मंडई कुठे आहे?Where is the vegetable market?

As in most constructions, in the answer to a question the subject may be omitted when it is understood.

मंडई कुठे आहे?

इथे आहे.

B) PSOTPOSITIONAL PHRASES

In the N Adv Aux construction, the position of the adverb is frequently filled by a phrase consisting of a noun or a pronoun with an attached postposition. (A postposition is a relational word like an English preposition; as the terms imply, a preposition precedes the noun it relates to, while a postposition follow it.) Before the addition of a postposition, pronouns and most nouns have to be changed into what is called the oblique form.

The rules for the formation of the oblique, like those for the plural, are complicated by the fact the Marathi has three genders, each of which has several typical noun endings. In this book we will not present these rules in detail, but will confine ourselves to a few rules which will be particularly useful. Students interested in getting a comprehensive explanation of the rules of the oblique may consult the Marathi Reference Grammar. For most students it is probably advisable to get a feel of phrase structure by learning each phrase as a unit. Keep in mind that if you make mistakes in the oblique form not that much harm is done. The important thing to remember is that the postposition comes after the noun or pronoun it relates to.

C) FORMATION OF THE OBLIQUE

The rules below apply only to the formation of the oblique of singular nouns.

Marked masculine and feminine nouns. The rules for formation of the oblique of marked nouns are as follow:*

Masculineया
Feminineno change
Neuterया

Examples

रस्तारस्त्या-रस्त्यावरon the road
आळीआळी-आळीतin the lane
भांडंभांड्या-भांड्यामधेin the pan

Masculine and neuter nouns ending in a consonant. The oblique singular of masculine and neuter nouns ending in a consonant is formed by adding आ.

पूलपुला-**पुलावरon the bridge
झा॰झाडा-झाडापर्यंतup to the tree

Feminine nouns ending in आ. The rule for the formation of the oblique singular of feminine nouns ending in is .

शाळाशाळे-शाळेतin school

Augmented oblique form. In some cases - especially if the postpostion has several syllables - the oblique form of the possessive pronoun (च्या) is added onto the oblique form of the noun before the postposition is added. In this case the postposition is generally written with a space preceding it.

बँकेच्या शेजारीnext to the bank
पुलाच्या अलिकडेon this side of the bridge
पुलाच्या पलिकडेbeyond the bridge
* The rule for marked neuter nouns is या. Since the number of marked neuter nouns is so limited, we have not given an example here. ** Note that the shortened is the oblique form.

Oblique form of adjectives. A variable adjective (including a possessive adjective or a demonstrative pronoun) modifying a noun in the oblique must also be in the oblique. The oblique form of an adjective or demonstrative pronoun is formed by changing the final vowel to या.

माझं घरमाझ्या घराजवळnear my house
वडाचं झाडवडाच्या झाडापर्यंतup to the banyan tree
तो चौकत्या चौकातin that intersection
हे हॉटेलह्या हॉटेलातin this hotel

D) ADV N AUX CONSTRUCTION

If instead of following the noun, the adverb is put at the beginning of the construction (Adv N Aux) there is a slight, but significant change of meaning. The latter construction means 'There (be) N Aux.'

नकाशात* हायस्कूल आहे का?Is there a high school on the map?
गावात नदी आहे का?Is there a river in the town?

Sometimes the adverbial phrase is not expressed, but is understood from the context.

मशीद आहे का?Is there a mosque?

In the context the phrase नकाशात 'on the map' is understood.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Using the words below, ask questions of the pattern ... कुठे आहे?

1. मंडई6. शाळा
2. पोस्ट ऑफिस7. बँक
3. राजवाडा8. रामाचं देऊळ
4. दवाखाना9. एस्. टी. स्टँड
5. कारखाना10. हॉटेल
* Note that according to the rule for the oblique form of marked masculine nouns we should except the oblique form of नकाशा to be नकाश्या, but it is नकाशा-. This is because is a palatal sound, which has the sound of inherent in it.

B. Repeat the exercise, having a second student give any appropriate answer: इथे आहे, तिथे आहे, समोर आहे, etc.

C. Using the words below, ask questions of the patternगावात......आहे का?.

1. हायस्कूल6. साखर कारखाना
2. हॉस्पिटल7. मशीद
3. सिनेमा थिएटर8. पोस्ट ऑफिस
4. कॉलेज9. चर्च
5. पेट्रोल पंप10. स्टेशनरीचं दुकान

D. Repeat the exercise above, having a second student answer, हो, आहे or नाही आहे. Use the maps as the basis for your answers, and expand the exchange by explaining the location of each place.

E. Respond to the following questions using the answer suggested.

Example

पोस्ट ऑफिस कुठे आहे?

near the produce market

मंडईजवळ आहे?

1. पोस्ट ऑफिस कुठे आहे?

behind the produce market

2. शाळा कुठे आहे?

next to the post office

3. अप्सरा साडी सेंटर कुठे आहे?

facing the government dispensary

4. मेडिकल स्टोअर्स कुठे आहे?

near the government dispensary

5. युनायटेड वेस्टर्न बँक कुठे आहे?

at the Ambedkar intersection

F. For each item a noun is given, along with its oblique form, followed by a list of postpositions. Add each postposition to the oblique form of the noun.

दवाखाना / दवाखान्या-

-समोर

-मागे

-ला

-च्या शेजारी

-जवळ

-च्या पुढे

2. कारखाना / कारखान्या-

-जवळ

-समोर

-च्या पलीकडे

-च्या शेजारी

-च्या पाठीमागे

3. रस्ता / रस्त्या-

-वर

-

-पर्यंत

-च्या पलिकडे

4. मंडई / मंडई-

-वर

-

-जवळ

5. चौक / चौका-

-

-पर्यंत

6. पूल / पुला-

-वर

-च्या अलिकडे

-च्या पलिकडे

7. पेट्रोल पंप / पेट्रोल पंपा-

-जवळ

-समोर

-च्या पलिकडे

-च्या शेजारी

-च्या मागे

8. दुकान / दुकाना-

-समोर

च्या शेजारी

-मागे

-जवळ

-

9. गाव / गावा-

-

-जवळ

-बाहेर

10. देऊळ / देवळा-

-समोर

-मागे

-जवळ

-

-शेजारी

11. आळी / आळी-

-

-च्या अलिकडे

12. शाळा / शाळे-

-

-समोर

-जवळ

-च्या बाहेर

13. बँक / बँके-

-शेजारी

-समोर

-खाली

-वरती

-

-च्या पाठीमागे

G. The oblique form is not normally used for place names containing English words; however, a postposition following such a place name is often augmented by a preceding च्या. Below are a few of the landmarks you will encounter in Pune, each of which is followed by a list of postpositions. Add each postposition to the name given.

1. स्वारगेट बस स्टँड-

-पर्यंत

-च्या बाहेर

-च्या जवळ

-च्या अलिकडे

2. जयहिंद साडी सेंटर

-च्या अलिकडे

-च्या जवळ

-च्या समोर

-च्या शेजारी

-च्या वरती

3. इन्कम टॅक्स ऑफिस-

-च्या समोर

-च्या जवळ

-च्या मागे

-च्या अलिकडे

-च्या पलिकडे

4. कर्वेरोड चर्च-

-च्या जवळ

-च्या पाठीमागे

-च्या पलिकडे

-च्या शेजारी

5. जहांगीर नर्सींग होम

-च्या समोर

-च्या पलिकडे

-च्या अलिकडे

-च्या पाठीमागे

H. Translate the following sentences in idiomatic English.

1. हे पुस्तकाचं दुकान आहे.

2. रामाचं देऊळ कुठे आहे?

3. गावात राजवाडा आहे का?

4. पुस्तकाचं दुकान पंपासमोर आहे.

5. आमचं ऑफिस स्टेट बँकेच्या पाठीमागे आहे.

6. चौकात आंबेडकरांचा पुतळा आहे.

7. राम मंदिराला कसं जायचं?

8. ह्या रोडनी सरळ जा, वडाच्या झाडापर्यंत. तिथे डावीकडे वळा, मग राम मंदिर दिसेल.

9. सरकारी दवाखान्याला कसं जायचं?

10. सरळ जा पुढच्या चौकापर्यंत. तिथे डावीकडे सरकारी दवाखाना दिसेल.

11. तुला अंघोळीला जायचं आहे का?

12. तुमची अंघोळ झाली आहे का?

13. आज मला युनिव्हर्सिटीला लवकर जायचं आहे.

14. मला बाथरूमला जायचं आहे.

I. Translate the following sentences into Marathi.

1. Where is the college?

2. Where is the high school?

3. Is there a hospital here?

4. Is there an S. T. Depot here?

5. Their house is near the vegetable market.

6. The bank is next to the post office.

7. The shop is on this side of the bridge.

8. The factory is on the other side of the bridge.

9. How do you get to the bus depot?

10. Go to the corner and turn left.

11. Has the water gotten hot yet?

12. I need to go to the bathroom.



BOOK TWO

Foreword

Preparing new materials to teach Marathi to the ACM students has been a challenging job. In this set of 'Marathi In Context' consisting of three volumes, we have tried to restructure and redesign teaching methodology so as to suit the needs of an ACM student in an initial orientation course as well as during his / her stay in a family in Pune. The new material aims not only at the grammar and structure of Marathi language, but also at the cultural context in which Marathi is used. As a result, the new materials will be very helpful to learn functional Marathi.

I appreciate the version of the ACM authorities who realised the necessity of these books and made a longfelt need come true. I thank them sincerely for making me an active participant of this project in the creation of this, the second book in the series.

My thanks to all the members of the Editorial Committee, who patiently extended their support from time to time. My special thanks are due to Ms. Elizabeth Hayford, Dr. Cathy Benton, Mr. S V. Patankar, Ms. Meena Chandavarkar, Dr. Maxine Berntsen, Dr. Philip Engblom and Dr. Neeti Badwe. I also thank Mr. Milton Eder and Ms. Sunita Nene for their co-operation.

Ninad Mate, Gauri Mate and Rajashree Sadhu of Akshachhaya have been professionally excellent and personally very kind. Without their efforts this book wouldn't have seen the light of the day. Mr. S.S. Bokil's illustrations have given an additional touch of perfection to the typeset.

I dedicate this book to all those earnest students of Marathi who have and will continue to inspire me to teach Marathi as a second language.

Sucheta Paranjpe

Unit One

Planning Free Time, Planning Work


1. Shall we go for an Outing?

Meera, Rekha, Nandini, and Leena are talking about the weekend.

मीरा :रेखा, या रविवारी तू काय करणार आहेस?Rekha, what are you going to do this Sunday?
रेखा :नक्की नाही, पण बहुतेक सिनेमाला जाईन. येणार?It's not certain, but probably I will go to a movie. Will you come?
मीरा :सिनेमाला नको- आपण सहलीला जाऊ या का?No, not a movie. Shall we go for an outing?
नंदिनी :वा ! मस्त कल्पना आहे. कुठे जाऊ या?Hey, that's a wonderful idea. Where shall we go?
लीना :आपण सिंहगडला जाऊ या.Let's go to Sinhgad.
रेखा :मी आईला विचारीन. ती नाही म्हणणार नाही.I will ask Mother. She won't say no.
नंदिनी : कसं जायचं? बसनी?How should we go? By bus?
लीना :हो. पण थोडं चढू या. मजा येईल.Yes. But let's climb a bit. It will be fun.
Marathi text graphic

Variations

1.संपदा, आमच्याबरोबर सिंहगडला येणार का?Sampada, will you come to Sinhgad with us?
नाही गं, मला जमणार नाही.No, I cannot make it.
2.आपण सिंहगडला जाऊ या का?Shall we go to Sinhgad?
नको, खूप उंच आहे. माझे पाय दुखतील.No, it's a long way up ['very high']. My feet will hurt.
3.रविवारी तू काय करणार आहेस?What are you going to do on Sunday?
काही नाही. आराम करणार आहे दिवसभर.Nothing. I am going to relax all day long.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

सहल, सहली f. outing

कल्पना, कल्पना f. idea

आराम m. rest, comfort

मजा f. fun.

सिनेमा, सिनेमे m. movie

पाय, पाय m. foot, leg

सिंह, सिंह m. lion

गड, गड m. fort

Pronouns

या pron. demonstrative (oblique) this (shortened form of ह्या)

Verbs

विचार- v. t. to ask

जम- v. i. (N-la impers.) to manage, to be able to

दुख- v. i. to hurt

चढ- v. i. to climb

मजा ये- v. i. (N-la impers.) to have fun

Adjectives

मस्त adj. inv. wonderful, good

उंच adj. inv. tall, high

Adverbs

बहुतेक adv. probably, most likely

नक्की adv. surely, certainly, definitely

दिवसभर adv. all day long

Proper Names

रेखा f. Rekha, a given name

नंदिनी f. Nandini, a given name

लीना f. Leena, a given name

संपदा f. Sampada, a given name

WORD STUDY

या is the commonly used form of the demonstrative pronoun ह्या. As we have seen, demonstrative pronouns in Marathi (equivalent to this, these, that, those) are not distinguished from the third person subject pronouns, तो, ती, ते, त्या; हा, ही, हे, ह्या (या). For example, we can say हे पुस्तक 'this book' or ती घड्याळं 'those clocks'. When a demonstrative pronoun precedes an oblique noun (with a postposition), it too must become oblique - either त्या 'that / those' or या (i.e., ह्या) 'this / these'. Throughout the remainder of the text ह्या will be rendered as या.

Marathi text graphicCULTURAL NOTE

सिंहगड is a hill-fort situated 20 kms to the west of Pune. सिंह means 'lion' and गड means 'fort'. This fort was previously known as कोंडाणा. The famous Maratha king of the seventeenth century, Shivaji, renamed it Sinhagad in honour of his brave friend Tanaji who fought like a lion (सिंह) to a capture the fort (गड) from the Muslim rulers and was killed in that fight.

There are many such forts built by Shivaji on the hills around Pune. Purandar, Raigad and Pratapgad are some of these.


2. Preparation for the Outing

Nandini, Meera, Rekha, and Leena talk over their plans.

नंदिनी :मीरा, अनॅला आणशील का सिंहगडला?Meera, will you bring Ann along to Sinhagad?
मीरा :अर्थात ! ती नक्की येईल.Of course! She will definitely come.
रेखा :जेवणाचं काय? बरोबर नेऊ या का?And what about food? Shall we take it along?
लीना :हो-हो, मी मेथीचे पराठे आणि लोणचं आणीन.Oh yes. I will bring methi-parathas and pickles.
नंदिनी :दहीभात आणि बटाट्याची भाजी मी आणू का?Shall I bring yogurt-rice and potato-bhaji?
मीरा :मी काय आणू?What shall I bring?
रेखा :तू काकड्या, चिवडा आणि गोळ्या आण. मी सरबत आणि लाडू आणते.You bring cucumbers, chivda and candies. I will bring sarbat and ladoos.
लीना :पाण्याचं काय? प्रत्येकीनी एक अशा चार-पाच बाटल्या आणू या का?What about water? Shall we take four or five bottles, one for each?
मीरा :बरं. मग आता आपण रविवारी सकाळी सहा वाजता बसस्टॉपवर भेटू.OK. So, we will meet at the bus-stand at six on Sunday morning.
लीना :परत किती वाजता येणार आपण?What time will we come back?
रेखा :संध्याकाळी पाचच्या बसनी निघू. म्हणजे सात वाजेपर्यंत घरी.We will start by the five o' clock bus in the evening. So that we will be home by seven.
नंदिनी :अच्छा, रविवारी भेटू.Good bye, see you on Sunday.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

जेवण, जेवणं n. meal

मेथी f. fenugreek

पराठा, पराठे m. spiced chapati

लोणचं, लोणची n. pickle

भात m. cooked rice

दहीभात m. rice mixed with yogurt

चिवडा, चिवडे m. a spicy snack made from puffed rice

गोळी, गोळ्या f. hard candy

सरबत, सरबतं n. drink made of fruit juice, sugar and water

लाडू, लाडू m. a ball-shaped sweet usually made of a mixture of sugar, roasted chickpea flour and spices

बटाटा, बटाटे m. potato बटाट्याची भाजी curried potatoes

काकडी, काकड्या f. cucumber

बसस्टॉप m. bus-stop

Adverbs

अर्थात adv. of course

मग adv. later on, then

परत adv. back

Adjectives

प्रत्येक adj. inv. each one

Postposition

-पर्यंत post. upto, up till

Verbs

ने- v. t. to take along

आण- v. t. to bring

Phrase

सात वाजेपर्यंत by seven o'clock

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. प्रत्येक is an adjective used in all the genders.

प्रत्येक मुलगा शाळेत जातो.Each boy goes to school.
प्रत्येक मुलगी शाळेत जाते.Each girl goes to school.
प्रत्येक मुल शाळेत जातं.Each child goes to school.

As an adjective प्रत्येक remains the same in all the three genders, but when it functions as a noun and takes a post-position its oblique form changes according to the gender. For masculine and neuter it is प्रत्येका- so we have words like प्रत्येकाला 'to each one' or प्रत्येकासाठी 'for each one'. When it is used in the feminine gender, the oblique is प्रत्येकी- so we have प्रत्येकीला 'to each one' or प्रत्येकीसाठी 'for each one'.

2. The verb वाज- takes a special oblique form वाजे- before the postposition -पर्यंत to form the idiom 'by such and such o'clock', e.g., सात वाजेपर्यंत. 'By seven o'clock'.


अभ्यास

A. Have you ever been on an outing in India? Go around the class, each adding items to a list of things you would take along on an outing (in Marathi, of course).

B. Rice (भात) and chapati (पोळी) are the two main items in a Maharashtrian meal. How many varieties of भात and पोळी do you know? Make a list in Marathi.

C. Plan a day trip (सहल) to Sinhagad, Karla Caves, or some other spot within a reasonable bus trip of Pune. Based on your inquiries, answer the following questions.

1. तुम्ही कुठे जाणार आहात?

2. तुम्ही केव्हा जाणार?

3. तुमच्याबरोबर कोण जाणार?

4. बस किती वाजता सुटते?

5. बस कुठून (from where) सुटते?

6. जेवणाचं काय करणार?

7. तुम्ही तिथे काय करणार?

8. परत किती वाजता येणार?

D. Now make sure to take the trip you have planned.


3. Going to Pandharpur

Ann is telling her host mother about her upcoming visit to Pnadharpur.

ऍ?न :आई, पुढच्या आठवड्यात आषाढी एकादशीसाठी आम्ही पंढरपूरला जाणार आहोत.Mother, we are going to Pandharpur next week, for ashadhi ekadashi.
आई :बरं, कोण कोण येणार आहे बरोबर?Ok. Who all are coming along?
ऍ?न :सगळे अमेरिकन विद्यार्थी आणि आमचे काही शिक्षकही.All the American students and some of our teachers as well.
आई :देऊळ बघणार का?Are you going to see the temple?
ऍ?न :अर्थात ! आणि वारकरी लोकांनाही भेटणार.Of course! And we are going to meet the Varkaris too.
आई :केव्हा निघणार? आणि परत केव्हा येणार?When will you leave? And when will you be back?
ऍ?न :सोमवारी सकाळी निघू आणि गुरुवारी दुपारी परत येऊ.We will leave on Monday morning and will be back Thursday afternoon
आई :सांभाळून जा. आणि पंढरपूरचा फोन नंबर दे मला.Take care. And give me the phone number at Pandharpur.
ऍ?न :उद्या देते नंबर. काळजी करू नकोस. मी फोनही करीन तिथून.I will give you the number tomorrow. And don't worry. I will call you from there.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

देऊळ, देवळं n. temple

वारकरी, वारकरी, m.,f. devotee of God

Vithal

काळजी, काळज्या f. worry

एकादशी f. the eleventh day in a month, according to the Hindu calendar नंबर, नंबर m. number

Adjectives

पुढचं adj. next

काही adj. inv. some

आषाढी adj. inv. belonging to the month of ashadh of the Hindu calendar

Postposition

-साठी post. for

Verbs

निघ- v.i. (irreg.) to leave

सांभाळून जा- v.i. (compound) to go carefully

काळजी कर- v.t. (irreg.) to worry

Marathi text graphicवारकरी Varkaris

Varkaris are pilgrims that belong to the Bhagwat sect. They are devotees of Lord Vithoba - also known as Vithal - whose main temple is in Pandharpur, a town about 200 kms south-east of Pune. Every year, in the month of Ashadh according to the Hindu calendar - which falls roughly in the latter half of June - the Varkaris walk from Dehu or Alandi, both places near Pune, to Pandharpur. They bring the पादुका (raised impression of feet, cast in metal, symbolising that person) of Saint Tukaram and Saint Dnyaneshwar in a पालखी a palanquin, to the Vithoba temple in Pandharpur. This pilgrimage is attended by thousand of Varkaris. On their way to Pandharpur they sing devotional songs to the accompaniment of musical instruments and dance. This pilgrimage is called वारी. A person who takes the vow to do this at least once a year is known as वारकरी.

This is a very important religious and cultural event in the social life of Maharashtra. Dr. Gunther Sontheimer has made a very informative documentary film entitled 'Vari'. A Marathi book on the Vari entitled पालखी by D. B. Mokashi has been translated into English by Philip Engblom. This describes the pilgrimage in a detailed and picturesque manner.


अभ्यास

Answer the question उद्या तू काय करणार आहेस? using the given verb phrases. The answer should have at least six words in it.

E.g., सहलीला जा-

उद्या मी माझ्या मैत्रिणींबरोबर सिंहगडला सहलीला जाणार आहे.

1. अभ्यास कर-

2. जेवायला जा-

3. सिनेमा बघ-

4. दहा वाक्यं लिहि-

5. कपडे धु-

6. आराम कर-

7. पुस्तक वाच-

8. वारकरी लोकांना भेट-

9. स्वयंपाक कर-

10. पक्षी बघायला जा-


4. Making an Appointment

ऍ?न :देसाईबाई, या रविवारी दुपारी तुम्ही घरी असाल का?Prof. Desai, will you be home this Sunday afternoon?
प्रा. देसाई :नाही, दुपारी घरी नसेन. पण अकरा वाजेपर्यंत मी घरी आहे.No, I won't be home in the afternoon. But I will be home until eleven o'clock.
ऍ?न :मला वाटतं, मला सकाळी जमणार नाही.I don't think I can make it in the morning.
प्रा. देसाई :मग सोमवारी दुपारी जमेल का?Can you make it on Monday afternoon?
ऍ?न :पण तेव्हा तुमची मुलं घरी असतील.But your children will be home then.
प्रा देसाई :नाही, मुलं नसतील तेव्हा. ती शाळेत असतील.No, the children won't be (home) then. They will be in school.
ऍ?न :ठीक आहे. मग दुपारी तीनपर्यंत येते. चालेल ना?OK. Then I'll come by three o'clock. Is that OK?
प्रा. देसाई :हो. पाच वाजता मुलं परत येतील. म्हणजे दोन तास वाचू शकू आपण.Yes. The children will come back at five o'clock. That means we will be able to read for two hours.
ऍ?न :थँक्यू, मॅडम.Thank you, Madam.

Variations

1.माझं थोडं काम आहे तुमच्याकडे, उद्या भेटायला येऊ का?I have a little work with you. May I come to meet you tomorrow?
उद्या? उद्या मला खूपचं कामं आहेत. परवा चालेल का?Tomorrow? I have a lot of things to do tomorrow. Will day after tomorrow work?
हो. परवा येईन मग मी.Yes. I'll come day after tomorrow then.
2.पुढच्या आठवड्यात मोकळे आहात का तुम्ही? नाही, पुढचा आठवडाभर मी एका सेमिनारमधे बिझी आहे.Are you free next week? The whole of next week I'm busy at a seminar.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

जम- v.i.(N-la impers.) to manage to do

शक- v.i. to be able वाचू शक- to be able to read

Adjectives

मोकळं adj. free, unoccupied

Postposition

-पर्यंत post. up till, up to

Proper names

देसाई Desai, a surname

WORD STUDY

The postposition -पर्यंत is used in the sense of both 'up to / as far as' and 'up till / by'- that is, to denote both distance and time. Note that the verb वाज- has a special oblique form वाजे- to which the postposition -पर्यंत can be added.

आजी रोज देवळापर्यंत चालत जाते.Grandma goes walking as far as the temple everyday.
शुक्रवारपर्यंत तो मुंबईत असेल.He'll be in Mumbai up till Friday.
मराठीचा तास पुढच्या महिन्यापर्यंत चालेल.The Marathi class will go on up till next month.
आई स्टेशनपर्यंत रिक्षाने गेली.Mother went as far as the station by rickshaw.
दुपारी तीनपर्यंत येते.I'll come by three in the afternoon.
अकरा वाजेपर्यंत मी घरी आहे.I'll be home until eleven o'clock.

अभ्यास

Answer the following questions.

1. तुम्ही रोज किती वाजता मराठीच्या तासाला जाता?

2. तुम्ही किती वाजेपर्यंत घरी परत येता?

3. ऍ?न देसाईबाईंना रविवारी भेटायला जाणार का?

4. ती किती वाजता देसाईबाईंकडे जाणार?

5. देसाईबाईंची मुलं किती वाजता घरी येतील?

6. देसाईबाई आणि ऍ?न किती तास वाचू शकतील?


5. Ann's Research Project

ऍ?नला समाजशास्त्र खूप आवडतं. भारतात ती 'कमावती स्त्री' या विषयावर विशेष संधोधन करणार आहे. डॉ देसाई तिच्या मार्गदर्शक आहेत. त्या ऍ?नबरोबर अनेक संस्थांना भेटी देतील. ऍ?न एक प्रश्नावली तयार करून शंभर कमावत्या स्त्रियांना देईल. त्या स्त्रिया प्रश्नाची उत्तरं लिहितील. काही वेळा, ऍ?न स्त्रियांची मुलाखतही घेईल. त्या विषयावर ती पुस्तकं वाचेल. त्यासाठी ती निरनिराळ्या ग्रथालयात जाईल. नंतर ती सगळी माहिती एकत्र करेल. डॉ. देसाईशी ती त्याबद्दल चर्चा करेल, त्यांचे विचार ऐकेल आणि स्वतःचंही मत मांडेल. अभ्यास करून शेवटी ती संशोधन प्रकल्पावर एक निबंध लिहील. शिवाय एक छोटा लेखही ती लिहू शकेल.

Marathi text graphicAnn likes sociology a lot. In India, she is going to do special research on the topic `The working [`earning'] woman'. Dr. Desai will be her guide. She will visit many institutions with Ann. Ann will prepare a questionnaire and give it to a hundred working women. Those women will write the answers to the questions. On some occasions, Ann will also interview the women. She will read books on that topic. For that, she will go to different libraries. Later, she will put together all the data. Ann will discuss it with Dr. Desai, get her opinion [thoughts] and will also put forth her own opinion. Finally, when she has finished her study, she will write an essay on her research project. Moreover, she will also be able to write a short article (on it).

VOCABULARY

Nouns

समाजशास्त्र n. sociology

विषय, विषय m. subject, topic

संशोधन, संशोधनं n. research

मार्गदर्शक, मार्गदर्शक m.,f. guide

संस्था, संस्था f. institution

भेट, भेटी f. visit

प्रश्नावली, प्रश्नावल्या f. questionnaire

मुलाखत, मुलाखती f. (i) interview o घे- to interview

ग्रंथालय, ग्रंधालयं n. library

माहिती f. data, information

चर्चा, चर्चा f. discussion

विचार, विचार m. thought, opinion

मत, मतं n. opinion

प्रकल्प, प्रकल्प m. project

निबंध, निबंध m. essay

लेख, लेख m. article

Pronouns

स्वतः pron. oneself

Verbs

मांड- v.t. set forth, to lay down

शक- v.i. to be able to, can

Adjectives

तयार adj. inv. ready, prepared o कर- to prepare

अनेक adj. inv. many

कमावतं adj. earning (i.e., working)

विशेष adj. inv. special

निरनिराळं adj. various, of different types छोटं adj. small

Adverbs

एकत्र adv. together

शेवटी adv. in the end, finally

Postpositions

-शी post. with

Conjunctions

शिवाय conj. besides, and also

Phrases

काही वेळा sometimes ('on some occasions')

WORD STUDY

1. स्वतः is a reflexive pronoun which means oneself. It acts very much the same as other nouns and pronouns, but it does not have a special oblique form when joined to postpositions.

तो स्वतः बाजारात गेला.He himself went to the market.
ती स्वतःशीच बोलतेय.She is talking to herself.
हे घर तुमचं स्वतःचं आहे का?Is this your own house?
जोशीसर स्वतःबद्दल फारसं बोलत नाहीत.Prof. Joshi does not talk much about himself.

2. The verb शक- is always used with a secondary verb, which takes an ending ऊ. Thus, the pattern is V+ ऊ शक- `to be able to V'.

आपण दोन तास (वाचू + ऊ) वाचू शकू.We will be able to read for two hours.
मी मराठी (बोल + ऊ) बोलू शकतो.I can speak Marathi.
तुम्ही उद्या लवकर (ये + ऊ) येऊ शकाल का?Will you be able to come early tomorrow?
तू माझ्यासाठी हे काम (कर + ऊ) करू शकशील का?Will you be able to do this work for me?
तो मुंबईला (जा + ऊ) जाऊ शकला नाही.He could not go to Mumbai.

3. In reference to conversing with someone, the posposition -शी is generally used.

डॉ. देसाईंशी ती त्याबद्दल चर्चा करेल.She will have a discussion about it with Dr. Desai.
मी त्याच्याशी बोलणार आहे.I'm going to talk to him.

अभ्यास

A. Translate the following into English.

1. अभिजित स्वयंपाक करू शकतो.

2. उद्या इतिहासाचा तास होणार नाही.

3. ही गाडी तिची स्वतःची आहे का?

4. त्यांचं बाळ अजून बोलू शकत नाही.

5. या विषयावर तू कोणतं पुस्तक वाचणार आहेस?

B. Translate the following into Marathi.

1. Prof. Bhosale can teach Marathi and Hindi.

2. Arun himself went to the store.

3. Will you interview your history teacher tomorrow?

4. His friend is not able to cook.

5. She went to the library.

C. Make sentences using the following:

1. चर्चा कर-

2. प्रश्नावली

3. मुलाखत घे-

4. स्त्रिया

5. माहिती

6. ग्रंथालय

7. निरनिराळे

8. संस्था

9. मत मांड-

10. लेख

D. Using the vocabulary given in this chapter, write a short essay on the subject

"माझा संशोधन प्रकल्प"


6. Subjects, Classes and Teachers

Marathi text graphic आई :महेश, काय करतोयस?What are you doing Mahesh? महेश :माझं इतिहासाचं पुस्तक शोधतोय. पुढच्या आठवड्यात परीक्षा आहे. आता अभ्यासाला लागणार आहे मी.I am looking for my history book. The examination starts next week. I will start studying now. आई :इतिहासाचा पेपर पहिला आहे का?Do you have the history exam first? महेश :हो, इतिहास पहिला, मग भूगोल, मग गणित आणि शास्त्र.Yes, the first is history, then geography, then mathematics and science. आई :आणि भाषा?And what about the languages? महेश :भाषा शेवटी.Languages are last. आई :ह्यावेळी मराठीत चांगले मार्क मिळवणार आहेस ना?This time, you will get good marks in Marathi, won't you? महेश :नक्कीच. मराठीचे सर आमचे जादा तासही घेणार आहेत, व्याकरणासाठी.Definitely. The Marathi teacher is going to have extra grammar classes for us.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

इतिहास m. history

परीक्षा, परीक्षा f. test, examination

पेपर, पेपर m. test, quiz (short form for 'question paper')

भूगोल m. geography

गणित m. mathematics

शास्त्र, शास्त्रं n. science

भाषा, भाषा f. language

तास, तास m. lecture, class (lit. hour)

सर m. sir, teacher

व्याकरण n. grammar

Verbs

शोध v.t. to look for, to search for

लाग- v.i. to start

मिळव- v.t. to acquire, to get

Adjectives

जादा adj. inv. extra

पहिलं adj. first

Adverbs

शेवटी adv. in the end

ह्यावेळी adv. (loc.) this time.

Proper Names

महेश m. Mahesh, a given name

देशपांडे Deshpande, a surname

कुलकर्णी Kulkarni, a surname

शिंदे Shinde, a surname

परांजपे Paranjpe, a surname

जोशी Joshi, a surname

सबनीस Sabnis, a surname

WORD STUDY

1. तास means an hour. Generally, one class or one period in a school lasts for an hour and hence a period is called तास. A music will be संगीताचा तास and Marathi class is मराठीचा तास.

उद्या गणिताचा तास होणार नाही.The math class will be not meet tomorrow.
मी इतिहासच्या तासाला बसू का?May I sit in the history class?
मराठीचा तास आम्हाला आवडतो.We like the Marathi class.

2. सर means teacher, professor. Male teachers in school and colleges are addressed and referred to as 'sir'. For example, Prof. Gokhale would be referred to as गोखलेसर. A history teacher would be इतिहासाचे सर.

Thus we would say,

देशपांडेसर खूप छान शिकवतात.Prof. Deshpande teaches very well.
कुलकर्णीसर किती वाजता येणार आहेत?At what time is Prof. Kulkarni going to come?
उद्या शिंदेसर भूगोलाचा जादा तास घेणार आहेत.Tomorrow Prof. Shinde is going to have an extra geography class.

A female teacher is referred to as either बाई or मॅडम (madam); e.g., Prof. Ms. Paranjpe would be referred to as परांजपेबाई or परांजपेमॅ॰म.

Thus we would say,

परांजपेबाई आम्हाला संस्कृत शिकवतात.Prof. Paranjpe teaches us Sanskrit.
जोशीमॅडम कोणता विषय शिकवतात?What subject does. Prof. Joshi teach?
सबनीसबाई किती वाजता भेटतील?At what time will Prof. Sabnis meet us?

3. लाग- is a peculiar verb which is used in many ways. In this chapter it is used in the sense of 'to start, to begin'.

आता मी अभ्यासाला लागणार आहे.I am going to start my studying now.
पाऊस पडायला लागला.The rain began to fall.

In both sentences लग- is used in the sense of 'to start'. If लग- is used with a noun, the noun takes the postposition -ल.

महेश अभ्यासाला लागला.Mahesh began his studying.

When लाग- is used with another verb, the verb takes -आयला.

महेश अभ्यास करायला लागला.Mahesh began to study.

अभ्यास

A. Answer the following questions:

1. तुम्ही कोणते विषय शिकता?

2. तुम्हांला किती भाषा येतात? कोणत्या?

3. तुम्हांला गणित आवडतं, की शास्त्र?

4. मराठीची परीक्षा कधी आहे?

5. देवसर कोणता विषय शिकवतात?

6. संगणकशास्त्र म्हणजे काय?

7. मराठीचा तास किती वाजता सुरू होतो?

8. 'Political Science' ला मराठीत काय म्हणतात?

9. अर्थशास्त्र म्हणजे काय?

10. या परीक्षेत तुम्हाला किती मार्क मिळाले?

B. Translate the following into Marathi.

1. It started raining.

2. When will the baby start to walk?

3. When will you start studying?

4. Prof. Ms. Kale is going to start driving a car.

5. The American students started speaking good Marathi.


7. Grammar

A) REVIEWING THE PROSPECTIVE

You have already been introduced to the prospective in Book 1, Unit 6. The formula for the prospective is N V -णार (Aux). Frequently the auxiliary is omitted either as something understood or sometimes for the sake of emphasis. In this unit you have encountered numerous additional examples.

या रविवारी तू काय करणार आहेस?

ती नाही म्हणणार नाही.

(तू) आमच्याबरोबर सिंहगडला येणार का?

नाही, मला जमणार नाही.

आम्ही पंढरपूरला जाणार आहोत.

(आम्ही) वारकरी लोकांनाही भेटणार.

(तुम्ही) केव्हा निघणार? आणि केव्हा परत येणार?

Here is a full paradigm for verb बघ- in the prospective with the auxiliary verb अस- in the present.

PersonSingularPlural
1मी बघणार आहे.आम्ही बघणार आहोत.
2तू बघणार आहेस.तुम्ही बघणार आहात.
3तो / ती / ते बघणार आहे.ते / त्या / ती बघणार आहेत.

Bear in mind that when used in speech the auxiliary is significantly shortened, in that the and the are elided. It is best to listen carefully to and follow the example of your teacher's pronunciation.

B) THE FUTURE TENSE

The prospective is used for talking about an action felt as imminent or definite. Future action can also be expressed by using the future tense. This form is more neutral, lacking the sense of immediacy and definiteness conveyed by the prospective.

तू काय करशील?What will you do?

Note that the English 'going to V' and 'will V' contrast in practically the same way. In the present unit you have encountered numerous examples of the future tense.

मीरा, ऍ?नला आणशील का सिंहगडला?

ती नक्की येईल.

मी पराठे आणि लोणचं आणीन.

आपण रविवारी सकाळी बसस्टॉपवर भेटू.

त्या स्त्रिया प्रश्‌्नांची उत्तरं लिहितील.

Formation of the future tense. You may wonder why we term the prospective an 'aspect' but the future a 'tense'. The reason is that an aspectual construction consists of a verbal base, plus an aspectual marker (e.g., त, णार) and the auxiliary, which indicates the tense. The future, on the other hand, is a unitary verb form consisting of the verbal base plus a set of personal endings. Tense is not indicated by the auxiliary but by the endings themselves. Therefore we refer to the future as a 'tense' rather than an 'aspect'.

The formula for the future is N V-Efut where Efut stands for the set of future endings in Table 11.

Table 11. Future endings

PersonSingularPlural
1ईन, ऐन
2शीलआल
3इल, एलतील

Note that there are no gender distinctions in the paradigm. The only variation is in the first and third person singular where there is a choice of endings with or ए. The endings are used for verbal bases ending in a vowel or a vowel plus and for most transitive verbs. For intransitive verbs ending in a consonant and for special transitive verbs the endings are used. (Keep in mind, however, that the rules governing the selection of and are not hard and fast; you will encounter exceptions.) The paradigms below give examples of each category.

1) Bases using

Base ending in a vowel : जा-

मी जाईनआम्ही जाऊ
तू जाशीलतुम्ही जाल
तो, ती, ते जाईलते, त्या, ती जातील

Base ending in ह : राह-

मी राहीनआम्ही राहू
तू राहशीलतुम्ही राहाल
तो, ती, ते राहीलते, त्या, ती राहतील

Transitive verb : कर-

मी करीनआम्ही करू
तू करशीलतुम्ही कराल
तो, ती, ते करील*ते, त्या, ती करतील

2) Bases using

Intransitive verb ending in consonant : झोप-

मी झोपेनआम्ही झोपू
तू झोपशीलतुम्ही झोपाल
तो, ती, ते झोपेलते, त्या, ती झोपतील
*In speech most people prefer करेल.

Special transitive verb शिक-

मी शिकेनआम्ही शिकू
तू शिकशीलतुम्ही शिकाल
तो, ती, ते शिकेलते, त्या, ती शिकतील

Negative. The future tense has no corresponding negative form (except for the auxiliary). To negate a sentence in the future one must use the negative form of the prospective.

Thus, मी जाईन becomes मी जाणार नाही in the negative. Similarly, मी जाणार also becomes मी जाणार नाही in the negative.

Here is a full paradigm of both prospective negative and future negative for the verb बोल-

PersonSingularPlural
1मी बोलणार नाहीआम्ही बोलणार नाही
2तू बोलणार नाहीसतुम्ही बोलणार नाही
3तो / ती / ते बोलणार नाहीते / त्या / ती बोलणार नाहीत

C) FUTURE TENSE OF THE AUXILIARY

रविवारी दुपारी तुम्ही घरी असाल का?

नाही, मी दुपारी घरी नसेन.

तेव्हा तुमची मुलं घरी असतील.

नाही, मुलं नसतील तेव्हा.

The auxiliary verbs अस- 'to be' and नस- 'not to be' can be used in the future tense. Their formation is entirely regular. (Note that like other intransitive verbs ending in a consonant they employ rather than in the first and third person singular.)

मी असेनआम्ही असू
तू असशीलतुम्ही असाल
तो, ती, ते असेलते, त्या, ती असतील
मी नसेनआम्ही नसू
तू नसशीलतुम्ही नसाल
तो, ती, ते नसेलते, त्या, ती नसतील

Use. Like the present and past tenses of the auxiliary the future tense can be used both as an independent verb and as a constituent in other verbal constructions. Here we shall confine ourselves to its use as an independent verb.

The future tense of the auxiliary has two different, though obviously related meanings. Most basically, it indicates futurity: 'I will be', 'you will be', etc.

तू उद्या दुपारी घरी असशील का?Will you be home tomorrow afternoon?
तुम्हाला केव्हा वेळ असेल?When will you have time?

In addition to this ordinary connotation, the future forms of the verb अस- are also used to convey uncertainty. In such cases, the future verb form does not refer to future time but has a point of reference in the immediate present.

1. आई कुठं आहे?Where's mother?
माहीत नाही, स्वयंपाक घरात असेल.I don't know. May be she's in the kitchen.
2. हे पुस्तक तुमचं आहे का?Is this book yours?
नाही. बहुधा रामचं असेल.No, it's probably Ram's.
3. त्यांचं वय काय असेल?How old do you suppose he is?
कोण जाणे! मला वाटतं, सत्तरच्या पुढे असेल.Who knows! I think he must be over seventy.

In all these sentences, the verb form असेल, instead of indicating a situation in the future, conveys a sense of uncertainty, indefiniteness or probability of the 'present' situation.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Conjugate these verbs in the prospective.

दे-

लिहि-

बोल-

सांग-

शिक-

B. Answer the question तुम्ही पुढच्या आठवड्यात काय करणार? by using the suggested verb- phrases.

1. सहलीला जा-

2. मित्राला भेट-

3. पुस्तक वाच-

4. हिंदी बोलायला शिक-

5. डॉ. देवांना भेट-

6. निबंध लिहि-

7. स्वयंपाक कर-

8. मराठी नाटक बघ-

9. अभ्यास कर-

10. सगळ्यांना फोन कर-

C. Answer the question तू उद्या काय करणार आहेस? by using these verb-pharses.

1. सहलीला जा-

2. पुस्तक वाच-

3. निबंध लिहि-

4. स्वयंपाक कर-

5. डॉ. देसाईंना भेट-

6. तिकीट काढ-

7. ग्रंथालयात जा-

8. आईला मदत कर-

9. मराठी शिक-

D. Use the suggested subject and give the prospective with auxiliary अस- verb- forms.

1. डोसा खा-

आम्ही

त्या

तू

तिचे भाऊ

तुम्ही-

2. पुस्तक विकत घे- (form questions)

ती

कुलकर्णीसर

तो

अमेरिकन बायका

तू

3. मला मदत कर-

महेश

ते (m. pl.)

तू

मीनावहिनी

तुम्ही

4. सायकल घे-

सुरेखा

आम्ही

त्याचा मित्र

माझे काका

5. चहा पि-

भारतीय लोक

हा विद्यार्थी

तिच्या मैत्रिणी

तू

मी

E. Answer the questions.

1. तू किती वाजता घरी येणार आहेस?

2. त्या कुणाला पत्र लिहिणार आहेत?

3. तुम्ही कपडे धुणार आहात का?

4. उद्या स्वयंपाक कोण करणार आहे?

5. सुट्‌्टीत तुम्ही कुठे जाणार आहात?

F. Translate into English.

1. सुजाता, तू पोळी खाणार आहेस की भात?

2. तुमचे किती मित्र जेवायला येणार आहेत?

3. उद्या माझ्याकडे किती वाजता येणार आहेस?

4. तो मला त्याचं घर दाखवणार आहे.

5. आम्ही तुमची मुलाखत घेणार आहोत.

G. Translate into Marathi.

1. Meera is going to come by plane.

2. Tomorrow I am going to wear that sari.

3. Now he is going to write an essay.

4. It is going to rain today.

5. Are you going to eat that chutney?

H. Give the future paradigm of the following verbs.

बस-दाखव-
ऐक-ने-
विचार-सांग-
चढ-लिहि-
दे-मदत कर-

I. Use the suggested subjects and give the proper future forms of the verbs.

1. विचार कर-

आम्ही

त्या

तू

तिचा भाऊ

आई

2. नाटक बघ-

तुम्ही

रानडेमॅडम

भोसलेसर

सुधा

मी

3. जेवायला ये-

पाहुणे

तिचा भाऊ

तू

लीना आणि मीना

आम्ही

4. तिकीट काढ-

ती

तुझे वडील

तू

त्या

सगळे विद्यार्थी

5. कपडे धू-

आशा

आम्ही

तुम्ही

हा मुलगा

ते

J. Translate the following into English.

1. पुढच्या शनिवारी आम्ही दिल्लीला जाऊ.

2. विजया उद्या दुपारी परत येईल.

3. आजी, आम्हाला सांगशील का?

4. मी सुनीताला सांगीन.

5. त्या बहुतेक तुम्हाला फोन करतील.

K. Translate the following into Marathi.

1. Ann will write an essay.

2. Bhaskar will go to Mumbai today.

3. Next month, Deshpande will go to America.

4. Ram will bring the vegetables.

5. They will get a new car.

L. Make negative.

1. परवा आम्ही गोव्याला जाऊ.

2. तो आज रात्री सिनेमाला जाणार आहे.

3. त्या आज साडी नेसणार आहेत.

4. त्याची आई त्याला फोन करेल.

5. बाबा माझ्यासाठी आज पुस्तकं आणाणर आहेत.

6. मी तुम्हाला एक प्रश्न विचारीन.

7. आम्ही दोघे अभ्यास करू.

8. तुझे सर गाडी चालवणार आहेत.

9. आज बहुतेक पाऊस पडेल.

10. तू केरळला जाणार आहेस का?

11. तुम्ही दूध घ्याल का?

12. तो भात खाणार आहे.

13. मी योग शिकेन.

14. मनोहर माझ्याकडे येणार आहे.

15. तू स्वयंपाक करणार आहेस.

M. Change the following into negatives.

1. बाबा आत्ता घरी असतील.

2. उद्या तुम्ही कॉलेजमध्ये असाल.

3. पुढच्या वर्षी तू काश्मीरमध्ये असशील.

4. आई स्वयंपाकघरात असेल.

5. पुढच्या मंगळवारी या वेळी मी सिमल्याला असेन.

N. Translate the following into Marathi

1. The book will probably be on the table.

2. Probably there will be no money with Suhas.

3. I think the shop may be closed today.

4. Who is she?

I don't know. May be she is Ajay's mother.

5. Where is grandmother?

I don't know. May be she is in the garden.


End Game

See this magic square where, whether we read the words horizontally or vertically, we get the same two words बास and ससा.

Marathi text graphicThe trick is simple. Write a word horizontally to fill sq.1 and 2. Then write the same word vertically to fill sq. 1 and 3. Now think of a letter which will make a word along with the letter in sqs. 2 and 3 and write that in sq. 4.

Here are a few examples. Try to think of a letter for the blank square.

Marathi text graphicHere is a magic cube on the same principles.

Marathi text graphicCan you form such a magic cube?


Unit Two

What Hurts, What Comforts


8. An Accident

संध्याकाळी मीरा घरी आली. चपला काढून ती खुर्चीवर बसली. दहा मिनिटांनी ऍ?न आणि महेश आले.

Meera came home in the evening. She sat down on a chair after taking off her chappals. Ann and Mahesh arrived ten minutes later.

ऍ?न :मीरा, मीरा, ओह!
Meera, Meera, Oh!
मीरा :ऍ?न, काय झालं? बरं नाही का तुला?
Ann, what's the matter? ['What happened?'] Aren't you feeling well?
ऍ?न :मी ठीक आहे गं! पण..... तिथे त्या दुकानासमोर एक अपघात झाला.... बापरे!
I am O.K. But, there in front of that store there was an accident ... My God!
महेश :अगं, खूप गर्दी होती. एक छोटा मुलगा सायकलवरून आला. त्याच्यापुढे एक बाई स्कूटर चालवत होती.
There was a big crowd. A small boy came by on a bicycle. A woman was riding a scooter just ahead of him.
Marathi text graphic
मीरा :बरं मग?
Yes, and then?
महेश :ती बाई अचानक उजवीकडे वळली.
That woman suddenly turned to the right.
मीरा :आई गं ! तो मुलगा मग आपटला का?
My God! Did the boy crash then?
ऍ?न :हो तर. तो पडला. त्याची सायकल पडली आणि ती स्कूटरही पडली.
Oh yes. He and his bicycle fell down and the scooter fell too.
मीरा :लागलं का कोणाला?
Did anyone get hurt?
ऍ?न :मला वाटतं, त्या मुलाला लागलं. त्याच्या हातातून रक्तही आलं. पण तरी तो रडला नाही !
I think that boy was hurt. His hand was bleeding. But even so he didn't cry!
महेश :मग लोक धावले आणि त्याला रिक्षातून दवाखान्यात घेऊन गेले.
Then people ran (to that place) and took him to a dispensary in a rickshaw.
मीरा :बरं झालं. आणि त्या बाईचं काय?
That was good. And what about that woman? ['What of that woman's']
ऍ?न :ती उठली आणि पुढे गेली!
She got up and went off.
मीरा :जास्त रहदारीमुळे फार अपघात होतात.
Lots of accidents happen because of the heavy traffic.
ऍ?न :आणि दुसरं कारण आहे, बेशिस्त. त्यामुळेही अपघात होतात.
Lack of discipline is another reason. Accidents happen because of that too.
महेश :हं, खरं आहे.
Yea, that's true.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

चप्पल, चपला f. (e) chappal, sandal without an ankle strap

अपघात, अपघात m. accident.

गर्दी f. crowd, crowding, rush of people or things.

रक्त n. blood 0 ये v. i. to bleed

दवाखाना, दवाखाने m. dispensary, clinic

कारण, कारणं n. reason

बेशिस्त f. (i) indiscipline

रहदारी f. traffic

Pronouns

त्या pron. (oblique) that

कोणाला pron. (indirect) to anyone

Verbs

आपट- v. i. to crash, to collide with

लाग- v. i. (N-la impers.) to get hurt

रड- v. i. to cry

चालव- v. t. to drive (a vehicle)

धाव- v. i. to run

पड- v. i. to fall down

घेऊन जा- v. i. (compound) to take away

Adverbs

अचानक adv. suddenly

उजवीकडे adv. to the right

Postpositions

-मुळे post. because of त्यामुळे because of that

-समोर post. in front of

-वरून post. on ('from on'), by means of

-पुढे post. ahead of

-तून post. from ('from out of); by means of

Conjunction

तरी conj. even so, nevertheless

Interjection

अगं f. 'Oh, dear !' (used familiarly in addressing a woman or girl)

Proper Names

महेश m. Mahesh, a given name

Phrases

दहा मिनिटांनी after ten minutes ('with the minutes')

सायकलवरून on a bicycle ('from on a bicycle')

रिक्षातून in a rickshaw ('through / by means of a rickshow')

त्यामुळेही because of that too

WORD STUDY

1. बाप रे and आई गं are two exclamatory expressions similar to 'My God' or 'Oh my'. बाप रे literally, Oh father, is used when one is scared or surprised.

बाप रे! किती मोठा साप आहे!

Oh my, what a big snake!

बाप रे! खूपच महाग आहे हे.

Oh my, this is very expensive.

आई गं, literally, Oh mother, is more intimate and is used when one is happy or sad.

आई गं, काय मस्त साडी आहे!

Oh my, what a terrific saree!

आई गं, खूप डोकं दुखतंय माझं!

My God, my head is aching something fierce!

2. The verb लाग- is the intransitive counterpart to the transitive verb लाव- and like it is used in numerous idioms. We have seen it used in the sense of 'to taste' in Book Unit 4.

In this context, the verb लाग- is used in the sense of 'to get hurt or injured'. In this sense, the construction is impersonal, i.e., the subject takes the suffix -ला and the verb form by default is in the neuter singular लागलं.

महेशला बरंच लागलं.

Mahesh was badly hurt.

अपघात झाला, पण कुणालाही लागलं नाही.

There was an accident, but no one at all got hurt.

त्याच्या हाताला लागलं, रक्तही आलं.

His hand was hurt. It even bled.

3. In the sentence त्याच्यापुढे एक बाई स्कूटर चालवत होती, we find an example of the past imperfect (imperfect participle of चालव- with the past tense of the auxiliary) to express an on-going, in completed action in the past, 'was driving'.


अभ्यास

A. Answer the following questions about 'An Accident'.

1. मीरा घरी केव्हा आली?

2. ऍ?न आणि महेश मीराबरोबर आले का?

3. अपघात कसा झाला?

4. कुणाला लागलं का?

5. अपघात झाल्यानंतर त्या बाईचं काय झालं?

6. त्या मुलाचं काय झालं?

7. ती बाई सायकल चालवत होती का?

8. त्या मुलाला कोण घेऊन गेलं? कुठे?

9. अपघात कशामुळे होतात?

B. Most of the verb-forms in this chapter are in the perfect, with endings like ला, ली, लं, etc. Make a list of all such verb-forms and identify their gender and number. Compare your list with the variable adjective endings.


9. Health Problems

दोन दिवस मीराला बरं वाटत नव्हतं. ताप आला आणि खोकलाही होता. संध्याकाळी ती बाबांबरोबर डॉक्टरांकडे गेली.

Meera was not feeling well for two days. She had a fever and a cough. In the evening she went to the doctor with her father.

डॉक्टर :काय, मीरा, कशी आहेस? बरं नाही का तुला?
So, Meera, how are you? Aren't you feeling well?
मीरा :हो, डॉक्टर. दोन दिवस झाले.
Yes, doctor. It's been two days.
डॉक्टर :काय होतंय तुला.
What's the problem? ['What's happening to you?']
मीरा :डोकं खूप दुखतंय माझं. ताप आहे आणि खोकलाही येतो.
I have a terrible headache. I have a fever and cough too.
डॉक्टर :पोट ठीक आहे का? की बिघडलंय?
Is your stomach all right? Or is it upset?
मीरा :पोट ठीक आहे. पण भूक लागत नाही मला. तहान मात्र खूप लागते.
My stomach is all right. But I don't feel hungry. I do however feel very thirsty.
Marathi text graphic
बाबा :आज सकाळी उलटीही झाली तिला.
This morning, she even vomited.
डॉक्टर :काळजी करू नका. हे औषध दिवसातून दोनदा जेवणानंतर घे, मीरा. आज रात्री लवकर झोप. आणि उकळून पाणी पी. दोन दिवसात बरी होशील.
Don't worry. Take this medicine twice a day, after meals. Go to bed early tonight. Drink boiled water ['boil and drink']. You will be all right in a couple of days.
मीरा :थँक्यू हं.
Thank you so much.

Variations

1.:काय होतंय तुला?
What's wrong with you?
:जाम सर्दी झालीय.
I have a very bad cold.
2.:तुला बरं नाही का?
Aren't you feeling well?
:काल सिंहगड चढलो, म्हणून दमलोय. पायही दुखतायत.
Yesterday, I climbed Sinhagad, so I am tired. My legs are aching too.
3.:विनीत का नाही रे आला शाळेत?
Hey, why hasn't Vineet come to school?
:त्याच्या हाताला फ्रॅक्चर झालंय, प्लास्टर घातलंय.
He has broken his arm and they have put it in a cast.
4.:काही होतंय का तुला, शिल्पा?
Shilpa, is something wrong with you?
:काही नाही. अगदी ठीक आहे मी.
No, nothing. I am perfectly fine.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

ताप m. fever

खोकला m. cough

डोकं, डोकी n. head

पोट, पोटं n. stomach

भूक f. (e.) hunger

तहान f. (e.) thirst

उलटी, उलट्या f. vomiting 0 हो v. i. to vomit

काळजी, काळज्या f. worry

सर्दी f. cold

फ्रॅक्चर n. fracture

प्लास्टर n. plaster cast

औषध, औषधं n. medicine

Adjective

जाम adj. inv. awful (used of colds, conjestion)

Conjunction

म्हणून conj. so, therefore

Adverb

दोनदा adv. twice

Postposition

-तून post. per

Verbs

नव्हतं past tense neg. Aux. wasn't

दुख- v. i. to ache

बिघड- v. i. to go out of order; to break down

भूक लाग- v. i. (N-la impers.) to feel or be hungry

तहान लाग- v. i. (N-la impers.) to feel or be thirsty

उकळ- v. t. to boil

पि- v. t. (sp.) to drink

दम- v. i. to get tired

घातलं perfect of घाल- v. t. (irreg.) to put on

झोप- v. i. to sleep, to go to bed

Proper Names

विनीत m. Vineet, a given name

शिल्पा f. Shilpa, a given name

WORD STUDY

1. The verb बिघ॰- means 'to go out of order'. पोट बिघडलंय would literally mean: 'The stomach has gone out of order', i.e., the stomach is upset.

The same verb बिघड- is also used to denote the breakdown of an instrument, gadget, or machine.

विक्रमचं घड्याळ बिघडलंय.

Vikram's watch is not working right.

जोशींची नवी गाडी बिघडलीय.

Joshi's new car has broken down.

तुमचा टी. व्ही. बिघडलाय का?

Has your T.V. gone on the fritz?

2. To express the idea 'I am hungry' one says: मला भूक लागलीय, which literally means 'Hunger has struck me'. Similarly, to express the idea 'I am thirsty', one says: मला तहान लागलीय.

In both these cases, the verb लाग- is used in its perfect form with the present tense auxiliary, which indicates a completed but currently applicable condition.

3. मीराला बरं वाटत नव्हतं is another example of the past imperfect ('was not feeling'), this time using the negative past tense auxiliary.


अभ्यास

A. Answer the question तुला काय होतंय? using the verb-phrases given below. Note that some will require the perfect and some the Imperfect B (e.g., दुखतंय).

1. ताप ये-

2. सर्दी हो-

3. पोट दुख-

4. उलटी हो-

5. पोट बिघड-

6. खोकला ये-

B. Translate the following into Marathi.

1. She is very hungry.

2. Grandfather didn't eat today. He is not hungry.

3. They walked a lot, so they are thirsty.

4. Are you thirsty?

5. Mahesh was not well and didn't feel hungry at all.

C. Find out the Marathi equivalent for each of the following words:

1. pills, tablets

2. ointment, cream

3. to rest

4. patient

5. to examine a patient

6. disease

7. epidemic

8. treatment (given to a patient)

9. health

10. to feel dizzy


10. The Human Body

Marathi text graphic

VOCABULARY

डोकं, डोकी n. head

केस m. pl. hair

कपाळ, कपाळं n. forehead

तोंड, तोंडं n. mouth; face

डोळा, डोळे m. eye

नाक, नाकं n. nose

कान, कान m. ear

दात, दात m. tooth

जीभ, जिभा f. (e) tongue

ओठ, ओठ m. lip

घसा, घसे m. throat

मान, माना f. (e) neck

छाती, छात्या f. chest

पाठ, पाठी f. (i) back

पोट, पोटं n. stomach

खांदा, खांदे m. shoulder

हात, हात m. hand; arm

कोपर, कोपरं n. elbow

बोट, बोटं n. finger, toe

नख, नखं n. fingernail, toenail

कंबर, कंबरा f.(e) waist

मांडी, मांड्या f. thigh

गुडघा, गुडघे m. knee

पाय, पाय m. leg; foot

पाऊल, पावलं n. foot


अभ्यास

A. Imagine you have gone to visit the doctor or the ayurvedic vaidya. Using the patterns माझ्या N - ल लगलय and माझं N दुखतंय, tell him or her the part of your body that has been hurt or that is in pain. This is good practice in making nouns oblique (before the post-position -,) and in noun-verb agreement. Where it makes sense, use the appropriate plurals of the nouns above also.

B. Without referring either to the lesson or to the Vocabulary above, relabel the picture correctly. This can be done with competing teams.

Marathi text graphicडोळा

ओठ

दात

मान

पाठ

डोकं

केस

कपाळ

नाक

घसा

कान

तोंड

छाती

खांदा

पोट

कंबर

कोपर

हात

मांडी

गुडघा

पाय

बोट

नख

पाऊल

बोट


11. Here's Daddy's Brother and His Wife

Marathi text graphic काका आला, काकी आलीHere's Daddy's brother and his wife काकाची गाडी आलीHere's Daddy's brother's oxcart too मामा आला, मामी आलीHere's Mommy's brother and his wife मामाची गाडी आलीHere's Mommy's brother's oxcart too काका, काकी या याUncle and Auntie, come in, come in मामा मामी या याUncle and Auntie, come in, come in छबी आली, बबी आलीAnd here's Chubby and here's Bubby फार फार मजा आलीWhat tons of fun we had

A. Without referring to the Vocabulary, establish the gender of each noun in this children's poem.

B. Practice reciting the poem until you can say it from memory.


Relatives

आईचे / बाबांचे बाबा म्हणजे आजोबा.
आईची / बाबांची आई म्हणजे आजी.
बाबांचा भाऊ म्हणजे काका.
काकाची बायको म्हणजे काकू / काकी.
बाबांची बहीण म्हणजे आत्या.
आईचा भाऊ म्हणजे मामा.
मामाची बायको म्हणजे मामी.
आईची बहीण म्हणजे मावशी.
मोठा भाऊ म्हणजे दादा.
दादाची बायको म्हणजे वहिनी.
मोठी बहीण म्हणजे ताई.
Marathi text graphic

VOCABULARY

बाबा m. pl. father (term of reference and address)

काका, काका m. paternal uncle (term of reference and address)

काकू, काकू f. paternal uncle's wife (term of reference and address)

आत्या, आत्या f. paternal aunt (term of reference and address)

मामा, मामा m. maternal uncle (term of reference and address)

मामी, माम्या f. maternal uncle's wife (term of reference and address)

मावशी, मावश्या f. maternal aunt (term of reference and address)

दादा, दादा m. elder brother (term of reference and address)

ताई, ताया f. elder sister (term of reference and address)

12. Grammar

A) THE PERFECT

We have numerous examples by now of the use of the Perfect, a construction used to express completed action.

तुम्ही मराठी कुठे शिकलात?Where did your learn Marathi?
तुला समजलं का?Did you understand?
किती पैसे झाले?How much did it come to?
तुम्ही इथे एकट्या आलात का?Did you come here alone?
तू महाबळेश्वरला कधी गेलास का?Did you ever go to Mahabaleshwar?
संध्याकाळी मीरा घरी आली.Meera came home in the evening.
एक मुलगा सायकलवरून आला.A boy came on a bicycle.

Overview: The perfect aspect, as we have already mentioned, is used for reference to action viewed as complete. The perfect participle can be used by itself or in combination with the auxiliary. Used without the auxiliary, the prefect corresponds to the English Simple Past tense. When used with the present tense of the auxiliary (i. e., आहे) - as will be discussed later in this grammar unit - it corresponds to the English present perfect (e.g., 'have gone', 'has come'.)

The rules for the formation of the perfect depend on whether the verb is intransitive or transitive. Transitive verbs are those that involve doing something to something (or someone!). To give English examples, one kicks a ball, sees a movie, writes a letter. Intransitive verbs are those that cannot take an object. Many of these have to do with motion or physiological functions, e.g., go, come, get up, sleep, laugh, cry, etc. Remember the simple method for distinguishing transitive and intransitive verbs using the question word 'what' महेश काय करतो? makes sense as a question and can be answered महेश अभ्यास करतो, makingकर- a transitive verb. महेश काय जातो? however makes no sense so जा- is an intransitive verb.

To simplify the presentation of this complex topic, in this chapter we will limit the discussion to the formation of the perfect of intransitive verbs.

B) PERFECT OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Intransitive verbs in Marathi. Here are the Marathi intransitive verbs we have encountered so far.

जा-to goझोप-to sleep
ये-to comeजेव-to eat. ('dine')
निघ-to set outहो-to be, happen, be finished
चाल-to walk
बस-to sit downसंप-to end, be used up
फिर-to go aroundपड-to fall down
हिंड-to roamआपट-to dash against
उठ-to get upधाव-to run
चढ-to climb upबिघड-to break down, go out of order
रड-to cry
दम-to get tiredवळ-to turn
राह-to liveसुट-to leave (as a bus or train)
थांब-to stop, wait

Formation of perfect with intransitive verbs: The formula for the perfect of intransitive verbs in N V--Eperf. The ला is the market of the perfect. Eperf. stands for the set of endings in Table 12 below.

Table 12: Perfect endings of intransitive verbs

PersonSingularPlural
MFN
1--
2--
3*या
MFN

Note that the third person endings are the regular adjective endings.

*This is represented by an anusvar. In formal speech and writing is used.

Example: बस-

मी बसलोI (m.) sat down
मी बसलेI (f.) sat down
तू बसलासyou (m. fam.) sat down
तू बसलीसyou (f. fam.) sat down.
तो बसलाhe sat down
ती बसलीshe sat down
ते बसलंit sat down
आम्ही बसलोwe sat down
तुम्ही बसलातyou sat down
ते बसलेthey (m.) sat down
त्या बसल्याthey (f.) sat down
ती बसलीthey (n.) sat down

Irregular verbs. Many of the most common intransitive verbs in Marathi have irregular perfect stems (i.e., the form of the verb onto which the perfect marker is added). Of the intransitive verbs listed above, those with irregular perfect stems are given below. (The perfect participle is given with the neuter singular ending.)

BasePerfect stemPerfect participle
जा-गे-गेलं
ये--आलं
निघ-निघा-निघालं
राह-राहि-राहिलं
हो-झा-झालं

Examples

समीर घरी गेला.Samir went home.
अनुराधा आली.Anuradha came.
आम्ही निघालो.We set out.
ते आमच्याकडे राहिले.They stayed with us.
दोन आठवडे झाले.It's been two weeks.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Go through the perfect paradigms of each of these verbs:

निघ-

जेव-

राह-

संप-

ये-

दम-

थांब-

B. Use the suggested subjects and give the proper perfect form of the given verb- phrase:

1. अमेरिकेहून ये-

1. ऍ?न

2. सगळे विद्यार्थी

3. आम्ही

4. तू (f)

5. माझ्या मैत्रिणी

2. घरी जेव-

1. तुम्ही

2. तिची मावशी

3. तो

4. मी (f)

5. जोशीकाका

3. लवकर झोप-

1. त्याची आजी

2. त्या

3. तुम्ही

4. बाळ

5. महेशचे बाबा

4. कुठे जा-?

1. मीरा

2. मीरा आणि ऍ?न

3. तू (m)

4. महेश

5. बाबा

5. खूप रड-

1. आमचा मित्र

2. डॉक्टर परांजपे

3. तुम्ही

4. त्यांची मैत्रीण

5. तो दुकानदार

C. Choose the appropriate verb phrase from B to agree with a subject in A.

AB
माझ्या मैत्रिणीखूप रडलं.
तूसकाळी निघाला.
तो विद्यार्थीकधी परत आलात?
तुम्हीदिल्लीला गेल्या.
लहान बाळमुंबईत थांबलास का?

D. Translate into English.

1. त्या दोघी मुली सिनेमाला गेल्या.

2. महेश खूप दमला. त्यामुळे तो लवकर झोपला.

3. काल त्याला भावाचं पत्र आलं.

4. बाबा, तुमची अंघोळ झाली का?

5. आई, तू कुणाबरोबर जेवलीस?

E. Translate into Marathi.

1. The bus left from Pune late at night.

2. Oh my, what happened?

3. Last Friday, they (f) came to my house.

4. Her brother got very tired.

5. Did you (m. sing.) climb Sinhagad?

Negative of the perfect. The negative of the perfect is formed by adding the negative Auxiliary like नाही, नाहीस, etc., to the perfect form of the verb. For intransitive verbs, the negative forms agree with the subject. Here is a full paradigm of the perfect with negative for the verb जेव-

PersonSingularPlural
1मी(m) जेवलो नाही
मी
(f) जेवले नाही
आम्ही जेवलो नाही
2तू (m) जेवला नाहीस
तू
(f) जेवली नाहीस
तुम्ही जेवला नाहीत
3तो जेवला नाही
ती जेवली नाही
ते जेवलं नाही
ते जेवले नाहीत
त्या जेवल्या नाहीत
ती जेवली नाहीत

Note how the second person singular pronoun तू takes the perfect negative.

तू जेवलास + नाहीस = तू जेवला नाहीस.

तू आलीस + नाहीस = तू आली नाहीस.

Thus, the at the end of the perfect form of the principal verb is dropped when नाहीस is added.

C) PERFECT WITH THE PRESENT TENSE AUXILIARY - THE 'PRESENT PERFECT'

You have seen numerous examples of this construction up to this point, especially in the current unit.

मी चहा घेऊन आलो / आले आहे.I have had tea already.
तुम्ही कशासाठी आलायत?Why've you come?
आम्ही भारतीय जीवनाची पहाणी करायला आलोय.We've come to observe Indian life.
किती वाजलेत?What time is it? ['How many have struck?']
पोट ठीक आहे का? कि बिघडलंय?Is your stomach OK? Or has it gone bad?
मला जाम सर्दी झालीय.I've gotten a bad cold.
त्याच्या हाताला फ्रॅक्चर झालंय, प्लास्टर घातलंय.He's broken his arm and they've put is in a cast.
जोशींची नवी गाडी बिघडलीय.Joshi's new car's broken down.

With the exception of the first example, the Auxiliary is shown in it's contracted form throughout - as it would be used in speed rather than in more formal writing.

आलोयis the contracted form for आलो आहे. आलायत. is the contracted form for आला आहात. झालंयis the contracted form for झालं आहे. बिघडलीय. is the contracted form for बिघडली आहे.

The perfect with the present tense Auxiliary is in fact used mostly in spoken Marathi. So it is necessary to learn the contracted forms.

Note the difference between the perfect and the perfect with the auxiliary in the present.

1.ती मुंबईला गेली.She went to Mumbai.
ती मुंबईला गेलीय.She has gone to Mumbai.
2.तू लवकर आलास.You came early.
तू लवकर आलायस.Your have come early.

These verbs are formed by adding the appropriate present tense form of the Auxiliary to the perfect form of the principal verb.

Here is a full paradigm of the verb ये- in the perfect with auxiliary in the present tense, in both, the full formal form and the spoken contracted form.

SubjectFull formContracted form
I per. sing. m
I per. sing. f.
I per. pl.
मी आलो आहे.
मी आले आहे.
आम्ही आलो आहोत.
मी आलोय.
मी आलीय.
आम्ही आलोय.
II per. sing. m.
II per. sing. f.
II per. pl.
तू आला आहेस.
तू आली आहेस.
तुम्ही आला आहात.
तू आलायस.
तू आलीयस.
तुम्ही आलायत.
III per. sing. m.
III per. sing. f.
III per. sing. n.
III per. pl. m.
III per. pl. f.
III per. pl. n.
तो आला आहे.
ती आली आहे.< d>
ते आलं आहे.
ते आले आहेत.
त्या आल्या आहेत.
ती आली आहेत.
तो आलाय.
ती आलीय.
ते आलंय.
ते आलेत.*
त्या आल्यायत.
ती आलीयत.

D) THE IMPERFECT B - 'PRESENT CONTINUOUS'

You have also encountered numerous examples of this structure up to this point.

मी कॉफी हाऊसला जातोय / जातेय.I'm going to the coffee house.
तुम्ही काय शिकताय?What are you studying?
तुम्ही इथे कॉलेजमधे शिकताय का?Are you studying in a college here?
आम्ही टिळक महाराष्ट्र विद्यापीठामधे शिकतोय.We're studying in Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapith.
महेश, काय करतोयस?Mahesh, what are you doing?
माझं इतिहासाचं पुस्तक शोधतोय.I'm looking for my history book.
काय होतंय तुला?What's the problem ['happening to you']?
डोक खूप दुखतंय माझं.My head is aching badly.
पायही दुखतायत.My legs are aching too.
* Note that in this paradigm, this is the only form which does not have the letter in it. It is very difficult to capture in writing the exact pronunciation of the contracted forms. Listening to native speakers and practicing is advisable.

The forms given here are those found in informal speech. (Like the Perfect with the Present Tense Auxiliary, the Imperfect B is in fact used almost entirely in spoken Marathi.) As the Imperfect B involves the contraction of the main verb with the auxiliary, the pronunciation is difficult to capture in the script - so it is best to listen carefully to your instructor.

The underlying form of the Imperfect B contractions is the Imperfect A paradigm + present tense auxiliary, e.g., तो जातो + आहे = तो जातोय. The underlying form here however must be understood as purely theoretical, i.e., it is not used in either speech or writing. So there is no alternative but to learn the contracted forms. Here is the entire Imperfect B paradigm with the underlying (theoretical) forms in brackets for the verb जा-.

SingularPlural
(मी जातो + आहे) मी जातोय
(मी जाते + आहे) मी जातेय
(आम्ही जातो + आहोत) आम्ही जातोय
(तू जातोस + आहेस) तू जातोयस
(तू जातेस + आहेस) तू जातेयस
(तुम्ही जाता + आहात) तुम्ही जाताय
(तो जातो + आहे) तो जातोय
(ती जाते + आहे) ती जातेय
(ते जातं + आहे) ते जातंय
(ते जातात + आहेत) ते जातायत
(त्या जातात + आहेत) त्या जातायत
(ती जातात + आहेत) ती जातायत

E) NEGATIVE OF THE PAST THENSE OF THE AUXILARY

The full paradigm of the past tense of the Auxiliary was given in Grammar Chap. 29, Unit 6, of Book 1. Just as the present tense of the Auxiliary has a negative counterpart (नही, नाहीस, etc), the past tense of the Auxiliary also does.

In this case the negative verbal base नव्ह- replaces the affirmative base हो-, but the verb endings remain the same.

Here is the full paradigm.

Personsingularplural
1मी (m) नव्हतो
मी
(f) नव्हते
आम्ही नव्हतो
2तू (m) नव्हतास
तू
(f) नव्हतीस
तुम्ही नव्हता
3तो नव्हता
ती नव्हती
ते नव्हतं
ते नव्हते
त्या नव्हत्या
ती नव्हती

It should be noted that though these forms are written as नव्हतो, नव्हतीस, etc, they are to be pronounced as न्हवतो, न्हवतीस etc. Listen carefully to a native Marathi speaker and pronounce it in the correct way.

The past tense of the Auxiliary can be used as an independent verb in itself.

काल तुम्ही घरी होता.You were at home yesterday.
काल तुम्ही घरी नव्हता.You weren't at home yesterday.

It can also be used in conjunction with another principal verb.

त्याच्यापुढे एक बाई स्कूटर चालवत होती.A woman was driving a scooter just ahead of him.
दोन दिवस मीराला बरं वाटत नव्हतं.Meera wasn't feeling well for two days.
तो मुंबईला गेला होता.He had gone to Mumbai.
ती काल अजून आली नव्हती.She hadn't come as yet yesterday.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Go through the perfect paradigms of each of these verbs:

निघ-

जेव-

राह-

संप-

ये-

दम-

थांब-

B. Use the suggested subjects and give the proper perfect form of the given verb- phrase:

1. अमेरिकेहून ये-

1. ऍ?न

2. सगळे विद्यार्थी

3. आम्ही

4. तू (f)

5. माझ्या मैत्रिणी

2. घरी जेव-

1. तुम्ही

2. तिची मावशी

3. तो

4. मी (f)

5. जोशीकाका

3. लवकर झोप-

1. त्याची आजी

2. त्या

3. तुम्ही

4. बाळ

5. महेशचे बाबा

4. कुठे जा-?

1. मीरा

2. मीरा आणि ऍ?न

3. तू (m)

4. महेश

5. बाबा

5. खूप रड-

1. आमचा मित्र

2. डॉक्टर परांजपे

3. तुम्ही

4. त्यांची मैत्रीण

5. तो दुकानदार

C. Choose the appropriate verb phrase from B to agree with a subject in A.

AB
माझ्या मैत्रिणीखूप रडलं.
तूसकाळी निघाला.
तो विद्यार्थीकधी परत आलात?
तुम्हीदिल्लीला गेल्या.
लहान बाळमुंबईत थांबलास का?

D. Translate into English.

1. त्या दोघी मुली सिनेमाला गेल्या.

2. महेश खूप दमला. त्यामुळे तो लवकर झोपला.

3. काल त्याला भावाचं पत्र आलं.

4. बाबा, तुमची अंघोळ झाली का?

5. आई, तू कुणाबरोबर जेवलीस?

E. Translate into Marathi.

1. The bus left from Pune late at night.

2. Oh my, what happened?

3. Last Friday, they (f) came to my house.

4. Her brother got very tired.

5. Did you (m. sing.) climb Sinhagad?

F. Give the full paradigm of the following verbs in the prefect negative.

बस-रड-ये-
जा-दम-हो-
पड-

G. Change to negative.

1. तिचा भाऊ कॉलेजला गेला.

2. आज आजी लवकर झोपली.

3. मुंबईची गाडी वेळेवर सुटली.

4. तू खूर्चीवर बसलास.

5. मीरा उशिरा निघाली.

6. जोशींकडे खूप पाहुणे आले.

7. मी खूप दमलो.

8. आम्ही त्यांच्याकडे जेवायला गेलो.

9. तू दिवसभर घरीच राहिलास का?

10. तो मराठी बोलला.

H. Answer the following questions using the perfect negative.

1. तू सिंहगड चढलास का?

2. महेशची परीक्षा चांगली झाली का?

3. सगळे पैसे संपले का?

4. डॉ. गोखले दवाखान्यात गेले का?

5. उषाताई अमेरिकला परत गेल्या का?

6. तुम्ही काल लवकर झोपलात का?

7. तुमची अंघोळ झाली का?

8. तू कॉलेजच्या मेसमधे जेवलीस का?

9. विमान वेळेवर सुटलं का?

10. तू माझ्यासाठी थांबलास का?

I. A number of verb phrases are given below each following by several subjects. Use each subject with the appropriate form of the verb in the perfect with the Auxiliary in the present.

1. बाजारात जा-

1. आई

2. आपटेकाका

3. माझ्या मैत्रिणी

4. तू (m)

5. आम्ही

2. जेव-

1. मीरा

2. सगळे विद्यार्थी

3. तू (f)

4. देशपांडेबाई

5. मी (m)

3. हो-का?

1. बाबांची अंघोळ

2. तुमचं जेवण

3. तिचं लग्न

4. स्वयंपाक

5. मराठीचा अभ्यास

4. संप-

1. त्याचे सगळे पैसे

2. पोळ्या

3. साखर

4. महेशचा अभ्यास

5. गरम पाणी

5. कुठून ये-?

1. तुम्ही

2. तो मुलगा

3. हे पाहुणे

4. ते पत्र (letter n.)

5. ही बस

J. Complete each sentence with the perfect form of the suggested verb with the Auxiliary in the present.

1. तुमचं लग्न (हो-) का?

2. ऍ?न, तुला आज खूप पत्रं (ये-).

3. मला वाटतं, माझं पोट (बिघड-).

4. अशोक, अरे किती लवकर (ये-).

5. आजी (झोप-).

6. त्याचे बाबा गोव्याला (जा-).

7. ऍ?न आणि मीरा खूपच (दम-).

8. आम्ही भारतभर (फिर-).

9. प्रा. पाटणकर कुठे (जा-)?

10. मधुरा, तू (जेव-) का?

K. Rewrite the following sentences using the past tense of the Auxiliary.

1. आज खूप आहे.

2. तुझं पुस्तक मीराकडे आहे का?

3. तिचे बाबा घरी आहेत का?

4. त्या बायका हुशार आहेत.

5. तू घरीच आहेस का?

6. खूप आहेत.

7. दूध गरम आहे.

8. ती मुंबईची बस आहे का?

9. तुमचा भाऊ घरी आहे.

10. हे काय आहे?

L. Do exercise K again using the negative past tense of the Auxiliary.

M. Complete the sentences using the perfect of a suitable verb.

1. काल बाबा साडेअकरा वाजता ऑफिसला---------------

2. सिंहगडवर चढून मी खूप-----------.

3. तुम्हाला ताप---------का?

4. तो विद्यार्थी रात्रभर-------.

5. सगळे पाहुणे लवकर--------.

6. गाडी मुंबईला वेळेवर---------.

7. त्याचे सगळे पैसे----------.

8. काल दिवसभर तू कुठे--------.

9. तुम्ही त्यांच्याशी---------का?

10. काल दुपारभर पाऊस (rain m.) ----------.


End Game

1. Read these words:

मलम, रबर, डालडा

Do you notice some peculiarity? These words remain the same even when read backwards, i.e., from right to left. Such words are called 'palindromes'.

Think of at least five palindromes in Marathi. The words must have at least three letters. So, words like बाबा and काका will not do.

2. Read the following sentences

1. रामाला भाला मारा.

2. तो गजानन जागतो.

3. ती होडी जाडी होती.

These are palindromes too. Read the sentences backwards and break the words at the place to give you the same sentences.

Here is a famous English palindrome, said to be uttered by Napolion:

'Able was I ere I saw Elba'.


Unit Three

Going Shopping


13. Taking a Rickshaw

ऍ?न आणि मीरा रिक्षा बघतात.

Ann and Meera take a rickshaw.

मीरा :रिक्षा खाली आहे का?
Is the rickshaw free ['empty']?
रिक्षावाले : हो, खाली आहे. बसा.
Yes, it is free. Have a seat.
मीरा :बस, ऍ?न. (रिक्षावाल्याला) टिळक रोडला घ्या.
Get in, Ann. (To the rickshaw driver) Take the rickshaw to Tilak Road.

रिक्षा सुरु होते.
The rickshaw starts.

Marathi text graphic ऍ?न :जोरात जाऊ नका. हळूहळू चालवा.
Don't go fast. Drive slowly. रिक्षावाले :बरं.
OK. मीरा :इथे उजवीकडे वळा. मग, त्या दुकानापाशी डावीकडे घ्या.
Take a right turn here. Then, take a left turn near that store. ऍ?न :बास, बास. या घरापाशी थांबवा.
OK. Stop it near this house.

Variations

1. ऍ?न :रिक्षा खाली आहे का?Is the rickshaw free?
रिक्षावाला :नाही. दुसरी बघा.No look for another one.
2. मीरा :स्टेशनला येणार का?Will you come to the railway station?
रिक्षावाला :नाही, मी कोथरूडला चाललोय.No, I'm on my way to Kothrud.
3. मीरा :रिक्षा खाली आहे ना?The rickshaw is free - isn't it?
रिक्षावाला :सॉरी, ताई. ही शाळेची रिक्षा आहे.Sorry, Miss. This rickshaw is for school-children.

Break up into groups and practice the conversations with the variations. Switch roles so that everyone gets a chance to play the rickshaw driver.


Meera and Ann pay the rickshaw driver.

मीरा :बास, इथे थांबा. किती पैसे झाले?
OK. Stop here. How much is it? ['How much money has happened?']
रिक्षावाला :दहा वीस.
Ten twenty.
ऍ?न :म्हणजे? नक्की किती? दहा की वीस?
What do you mean? How much is it precisely? Ten or twenty?
रिक्षावाला :दहा वीस म्हणजे दहा रुपये, वीस पैसे.
Ten twenty means ten rupees, twenty paise.
मीरा :हे घ्या वीस रुपये.
Here, take twenty rupees.
रिक्षावाला :सुटे पैसे नाहीत का?
Don't you have change?
मीरा :नाही, माझ्याकडे अजिबात सुटे नाहीत.
No. I don't have any change at all.
रिक्षावाला :बरं, हे दहा घ्या.
OK. Take this ten.
Marathi text graphic

Variations

1. :किती पैसे झाले?How much has it come to?
:साडेसतरा.Seventeen and a half.
2. :किती पैसे झाले?How much has it come to?
:मीटर चालू नाही. पन्नास रुपये द्या.The meter is not working. Give me fifty rupees.
3. :किती झाले हो?Say, how much has it come to?
:पंचवीस रुपये.Twenty five rupees.
:शक्यच नाही. मला फसवू नका, टॅरिफ कार्ड दाखवा.Impossible! Don't cheat me. Show me the tariff card.

Numbers 30 to 50

तीस30एक्केचाळीस41
एकतीस31बेचाळीस42
बत्तीस32त्रेचाळीस43
तेहेतीस33चव्वेचाळीस44
चौतीस34पंचेचाळीस45
पस्तीस35सेहेचाळीस46
छत्तीस36सत्तेचाळीस47
सदतीस37अठ्‌्ठेचाळीस48
अडतीस38एकोणपन्नास49
एकोणचाळीस39पन्नास50
चाळीस40

VOCABULARY

Nouns

सुटे पैसे m. pl. change

Adjective

खाली adj. inv. unoccupied (lit. empty)

दुसरं adj. second, other

Verbs

चालव- v. t. to drive a vehicle

वळ- v. i. to turn

थांबव- v. t. to stop something or some one

फसव- v. t. to cheat

दाखव- v. t. to show

Adverbs and Adjective

जोरात adv. fast

हळूहळू adv. slowly

उजवीकडे adv. to the right

डावीकडे adv. to the left

मगthen, later on

अजिबात adv. at all

नक्की adv. precisely, definitely, certainly

शक्य adj. inv. possible

बास adj. inv. enough

Postposition

पाशी post. near, next to

Numbers 30 to 50

तीस30
एकतीस31
बत्तीस32
तेहेतीस33
चौतीस34
पस्तीस35
छत्तीस36
सदतीस37
अडतीस38
एकोणचाळीस39
चाळीस40
एक्केचाळीस41
बेचाळीस42
त्रेचाळीस43
चव्वेचाळीस44
पंचेचाळीस45
सेहेचाळीस46
सत्तेचाळीस47
अठ्‌्ठेचाळीस48
एकोणपन्नास49
पन्नास50

GRAMMAR NOTE

Note that whenever one mentions a destination, the place-name must take a postposition.

This can be analyzed as follows.

टिळक रोड + ला = टिळक रोडला

स्टेशन + ला = स्टेशनला

कोथरुड + ला = कोथरुडला

Destinations indicated by a Marathi word or by a place names ending in a or e will take the appropriate oblique from.

संपदा शाळेला (शाळा + ला) जाते.Sampada goes to school.
आम्ही गोव्याला (गोवा + ला) जाऊ.We shall go to Goa.
ही बस पुण्याला (पुणे + ला) जाते का?Does this bus go to Pune?

Some place-names take -आत instead of -ला.

बाबा बाजारात जातात.Father goes to the market.
आम्ही दुकानात जातो.We go to the store.

Some place-names take -वर instead of -ला.

तू स्टेशनवर जाऊन तिकिट काढ.Go to the station and buy a ticket.
मी डेक्कन जिमखान्यावर जाऊ का?May I go to Deccan Gymkhana?

WORD STUDY

1. Note the idiomatic use of the present perfect in the sentence मी कोथरूडला चाललोय. ('I'm on way to Kothrud') to indicate that you are just setting out for your destination. For the verb चाल- you can also substitute निघ-: मी कोथरूडला निघालोय / निघालेय.

2. बास literally means 'enough' and is also used to mean 'OK'. It is used in various situations.

बास, मला आता काही नको.

Enough. I don't want anything now.

बास, इथे थांबवा रिक्षा.

OK. Stop the rickshaw here.

3. अजिबात .... नाही literally means 'not at all'. The principle verb in the sentence comes between अजिबात and नाही, e.g.,

तो अजिबात बोलत नाही.

He does not talk at all.

तिला साखरेची कॉफी अजिबात आवडत नाही.

She does not like coffee with sugar at all.

CULTURAL NOTE

Every rickshaw is fitted a meter that shows the fare. The actual amount to be paid is higher than the readings on the meter. Tariff cards which are available in the market, give the correct fares in a near tabular form. It is advisable to carry your own tariff card every time you take a rickshaw and check it before paying the rickshaw fare.


अभ्यास

A. Answer the question तुम्हाला कुठे जायचं आहे? using the following destinations with appropriate postpositions.

1. मंडई

2. लक्ष्मी रो॰

3. आग्रा

4. कॉलेज

5. दिल्ली

6. ऑफिस

7. शाळा

8. दुकान

9. कलकत्ता

10. स्टेशन

B. Answer the questions किती पैसे झाले? using the following amounts:

रु. पैसेरु. पैसे
7.3018.70
9.6020.80
13.5019.45
16.0013.65
21.3514.95

C. Bring some coins and notes of different denominations to the classroom. In how many different ways can you tender the following amounts?

रु. पैसेरु. पैसे
0.9550.50
3.15638.00
10.50239.00
120.40750.00
350.20903.25

D. Read the following questions aloud and answer them.

1. तू कॉलेजला रिक्षाने येतोस / येतेस का?

2. अमेरिकेत रिक्षा आहेत का?

3. तुम्ही पुण्यात सायकल चालवता का?

4. तुझ्याकडे आत्ता किती पैसे आहेत?

5. तुम्ही रिक्षावाल्यांशी मराठीत बोलता की इंग्रजीत?

6. पन्नास पैशाची नोट आहे का?

7. तुमच्याकडे टॅरिफ कार्ड आहे का?

8. तुमच्याकडे नेहमी सुटे पैसे असतात का?

9. साडेचौदा रुपये म्हणजे किती?

10. दोन डॉलर म्हणजे किती रुपये?

E. Write answers to the questions in D.


14. Let's Go to that shop

ऍ?न आणि मीरा बोलतायत.

Ann and Meera are talking (to each other).

मीरा :मला एक सुती सलवार-कमीज घ्यायचा आहे.I want to buy a cotton salwar-kameez.
ऍ?न :सुती? 'सुती' म्हणजे काय?Suti? What does 'suti' mean?
मीरा :सुती म्हणजे 'cotton'.Suti means 'cotton'.
ऍ?न :मलाही एक सुती आणि एक silk सलवार कमीज घ्यायचा आहे. मराठीत 'silk' ला काय म्हणतात?I also want to buy one cotton and one silk salwar-kameez. How do you say 'silk' in Marathi?
मीरा :मराठीत 'silk' ला रेशमी म्हणतात. पण हल्ली बहुतेक लोक 'सिल्क'च म्हणतात.We say reshmi in Marathi for 'silk', But nowadays, most people say simply 'silk'.
ऍ?न :चल, आपण त्या दुकानात जाऊ या.Come on, let's go to that store.
Marathi text graphic

Variations

1 :मला एक सुती साडी घ्यायची आहे. तुला?I want to but a cotton sari. How about you?
:मला सुती आवडत नाही. मी सिंथेटिक घेईन.I don't like cotton ones. I will take a synthetic one.
:सिंथेटिक घेऊ नकोस. सिंथेटिकपेक्षा रेशमी बरी आहे.Don't take a synthetic one. Silk is better than synthetic.
2 :तुम्ही सिल्कचा कुडता-पायजमा घेणार का?Will you buy a silk kurta -pajama?
:नाही, मला वाटतं, सुतीच घेईन.No, I think, I will take a cotton one.
3 :तू हा सलवार-कमीज घे.Take this salwar-kameez.
:नाही. याला ओढणी नाही. मला ओढणीवाला पाहिजे.No. This one does not have a 'dupatta'. I want one with a 'dupatta'.
4 :तो कुडता घेऊ नकोस. फार महाग आहे.Don't take that 'kurta'. it's very expensive.
:हो, पण त्याचा जांभळा रंग आवडतो !Yes, but I like its purple color!

VOCABULARY

Nouns

सलवार, सलवारी f. (i) the style of pants worn in the set of 'salwar-kameez'

कमीज, कमीज m. the long tunic or shirt in the set of 'salwar-kameez'

लोक m. pl. people

पायजमा, पायजमे m. loose pajama pants

ओढणी, ओढण्या f. a long draping scarf worn with a salwar-kameez, a dupatta

कुडता, कुडते m. long, tunic-like shirt

रंग, रंग m. color

Adjective

सुती adj. inv. cotton

रेशमी adj. inv. silk

सिंथेटिक adj. inv. synthetic

बहुतेक adj. inv. most

महाग adj. inv. expensive

जांभळं adj. inv. purple

ओढणीवालं adj. inv. possessed of a dupatta

Adverb

हल्ली adv. nowadays, these days

Verbs

वाट- v.i. (N-la impers.) to feel, to think

ऍ?न आणि मीरा दुकानात जातात.

Ann and Meera go into a shop.

Marathi text graphic मीरा :जरा सलवार-कमीज दाखवता का?Will you please show us some salwar-kameez? दुकानदार :हो- हो. कोणते दाखवू? सिंथेटिक?Oh, yes. Which ones shall I show? The synthetic ones? ऍ?न :नको, सिंथेटिक अजिबात नको. फक्त सुती आणि रेशमी दाखवा.No, we do not want the synthetic ones at all. Show us only the cotton once and the silk ones. मीरा :तो निळा दाखवा.Show us that blue one. दुकानदार :हा बघा. छान आहे, स्वस्तही आहे.Look at this one. It's nice; and it is inexpensive too. ऍ?न :तो लाल - पिवळा बघू हो.Let me see that red and yellow one. मीरा :हा केवढ्याला आहे?How much is it? ['At how much is it?'] दुकानदार :साडेसातशे.Seven hundred and fifty. मीरा :अरे बापरे, खूपच महाग आहे!Oh my. That's way too expensive. ऍ?न :आणि हा निळा केवढ्याला आहे?And how much is this blue one?
दुकानदार :तो फक्त चारशेचा आहे.That's only for hundred.
मीरा :ठीक आहे. मी निळाच घेते. ऍ?न, तू कोणता घेतेस?OK. I will take the blue one. Ann, which one will you buy?
ऍ?न :मला वाटतं, मी नंतर घेईन, आत्ता काहीच नको.I think, I will buy one later on. I don't want anything right now.
मीरा :हे घ्या चारशे.Here you are, four hundred.

Variations

1 :त्याची काय किंमत आहे?What's the price of that one?
:तो? तो हजारचा आहे.That one? That's for one thousand.
:अरे बापरे! मला परवडणारच नाही.Oh my! I just can't afford it. ['It won't be affordable to me'.]
2 :हे कापड कसं आहे?How much is this fabric for?
:ऐंशी रुपये मीटर.Eighty rupees a meter.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

किंमत, किंमती f. price

कापड, कापडं n. cloth, fabric

मीटर, मीटर m. meter

Adjectives

निळं adj. blue

छान adj. inv. nice

लाल adj. inv. red

पिवळं adj. yellow

महाग adj. inv. expensive, costly

स्वस्त adj. inv. not expensive

Verbs

परवड- v. i. (N-la impers.) to afford

Adverbs

फक्त adv. only

नंतर adv. later on

आत्ता adv. right now

खूप adv. very

Interrogative

कोणतं adj. which

केवढ्याला for how much

कसं adv. var. how

GRAMMAR NOTES

When you want to know the price of something, one way is to ask:

याची किंमत काय?

What is its price?

Thus, we can ask questions like:

या पुस्तकाची किंमत काय?What is the price of this book?
त्या पेनची किंमत काय?What is the price of that pen?
त्या लाल साडीची किंमत काय?What is the price of that red sari?

You can also ask the same question in more colloquial way, using the interrogative word केवढ्याला, which literally means, 'at how much.'

हे केवढ्याला आहे?How much is this?
हे पुस्तक केवढ्याला आहे?How much is this book?
ते पेन केवढ्याला आहे?How much is that pen?
ती लाल साडी केवढ्याला आहे.How much is that red sari?

अभ्यास

Marathi text graphicA. Use the pattern केवढ्याला आहे to ask the price of each of the following.

1. ती सायकल

2. पिवळी साडी

3. रेडिओ

4. चपला

5. सलवार

B. Use the pattern ... ची किंमत काय to ask the price of each of the following.

1. हा साबण

2. ते घड्याळ

3. निळा पंखा

4. चीज

5. बिस्किटं

C. Translate the following into Marathi.

1. She can't afford the expensive sari.

2. How much is this chair for?

3. This bicycle is for three hundred and twenty five rupees.

4. What do you think, is this bicycle expensive or not?

5. What's the price of that red comb?

6. In India, glasses are not expensive.

7. How much are the bananas?

8. How much is a Pepsi?

9. Will you please show me some silk pajamas?

10. How much does this cost?


15. How Much Are The Mangoes?

ऍ?न आणि मीरा मंडईला जातात.

Ann and Meera go on to the fruit and vegetable market.

Marathi text graphic मीरा :ऍ?न, हे बघ आंबे. छान आहेत ना?Ann, look at these mangoes. Aren't they nice? ऍ?न :हं. मला वाटतं, ते लाल आंबे गोड असतील आणि पिवळे आंबट असतील.Yea. I think those red mangoes must be sweet and the yellow must be sour. मीरा :बरोबर आहे तुझं. गोड आंबे महागही आहेत. पिवळे स्वस्त आहेत.You're right. Sweet mangoes are also expensive. The yellow ones are cheap. ऍ? न :फक्त श्रीमंत लोक आंबे खातात का? गरीब लोक आंबे कसे विकत घेणार?Do only rich people eat mangoes? How are poor people going to buy mangoes? मीरा :हं - खरं आहे.Yea - that's true. मीरा फळवाल्याशी बोलते.Meera speaks to a fruit vendor. मीरा :आंबे कसे आहेत?How much are the mangoes?
फळवाला: दोनशे रुपये डझन.Two hundred rupees a dozen.
मीरा: दोनशे रुपये डझन! बापरे, फार महाग आहेत.Two hundred rupees a dozen? Holy cow, they're very expensive!
फळवाला: हे हापूस आहेत, बाई. याच्यापेक्षा स्वस्त मिळणार नाहीत.These are Alphonso mangoes, lady. You won't get them cheaper than this.
मीरा: बरं मग, मला सहा द्या. हे घ्या शंभर रुपये.OK then, give me six. Here's a hundred rupees.

Variations

1. :सफरचंद कशी आहेत?How much are the apples?
:ऐंशी रुपये डझन.Eighty rupees a dozen.
:बरीच हिरवी दिसताता. ती आंबट असतील.They look rather green. Must be sour.
:मग ही लाल सफरचंद बघा.Well then, take a look at these red apples.
:ती कशी आहेत?How much are they?
:नव्वद रुपये डझन.Ninety rupees a dozen.
:बरं मग, मला एक डझन द्या.Ok, give me one dozen.
2. :केळी कशी आहेत?How much are the bananas?
:पंधरा रुपये डझन.Fifteen rupees a dozen.
:सहा द्या.Give me six.
:तयार पाहिजेत का?Do you want ripe ones?
:नको, जराशी कच्ची पाहिजेत.No, I want them somewhat unripe.
3. :बटाटे कसे आहेत?How much are the potatoes?
:वीस रुपये किलो.Twenty rupees a kilogram.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

मंडई, मंड्या f. large, covered produce market

आंबा, आंबे m. mango

हापूस, हापूस m. Alphanso mango

फळवाला, फळवाले m. fruit vendor

डझन, डझन m. dozen

सफरचंद, सफरचंदं n. apple

केळं, केळी n. banana

बटाटा, बटाटे m. potato

किलो, किलो m. kilogram

Adjectives and Adverbs

गोड adj. inv. sweet

आंबट adj. inv. sour

श्रीमंत adj. inv. rich

गरीब adj. inv. poor

हिरवं adj. green

तयार adj. inv. ripe

कच्चं adj. inv. unripe

बरंच adj. var. rather, quite

जरासं adj. var. somewhat

कसं adj. how ['how much'].

Verb

विकत घे- v. t. to buy

Phrase

याच्यापेक्षा स्वस्त cheaper than this

GRAMMAR NOTE

The variable adjective कसं is used to find out the cost per unit of things sold in quantity such as cloth or produce such as fruit, vegetables, milk, etc. कसं changes according to the gender and number of the noun it refers to. The answer would be phrased in terms of the appropriate unit of measure.

कापड कसं आहे?How much is the cloth?
पंचेचाळीस रुपये मीटर.Forty-five rupees a meter.
बटाटे कसे आहेत?How much are the potatoes?
वीस रुपये किलो.Twenty rupees a kilogram.
दूध कसं आहे?How much is the milk?
तीस रुपये लीटर.Thirty rupees a liter.
अंडी कशी आहेत?How much are the eggs?
पंचवीस रुपये डझन.Twenty-five rupees a dozen.

अभ्यास

A. Practice the conversations and variations as given, making sure to play the roles of both the seller and the buyer.

B. Determine the prevailing prices of various things in the market and expand the conversation to include them.

C. Go shopping for four kinds of fruit and report what you bought them for. Include at least one kind of fruit you have never eaten before or have to ask the name of.


16. Grammar

A) REVIEWING THE IMPERATIVE

In this unit we have come across numerous examples of the imperative. As we have seen, imperative forms of the verbs relate only to the second person pronouns तू which is used in the singular and familiar and तुम्ही which is plural and is also the respectful pronoun.

The familiar imperative is simply the base of the verb.

तू ये.

तू बस.

तू खा.

तू वाच.

Verbs ending in and change to and respectively in imperative singular forms.

तू चहा पी.

तू कपडे धू.

The respectful imperative is the base of the verb + आ.

तुम्ही (बस + आ) बसा.

तुम्ही (खा + आ) खा.

तुम्ही (वाच + आ) वाचा.

Verbs not ending in a consonant change in their imperative plural form. Here are examples of such verbs and their imperative singular and plural forms.

Verbsing. (तू)pl. (तुम्ही)
ये-येया
दे-देद्या
पि-पीप्या
लिहि-लिहीलिहा
धु-धूधुवा

B. THE NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE

We have now come across several examples of the negative form of the imperative.

जोरात जाऊ नका.Don't go fast.
तो कुडता घेऊ नकोस.Don't get that 'kurta'.
मला फसवू नका.Don't cheat me.
सिंथेटिक घेऊ नकोस.Don't get a synthetic one.

All these sentences use the imperative negative. To form this verb form take V + and add नकोस if the subject is तू and नका if it is तुम्ही.

तू (ये- + ऊ) येऊ नकोस.तुम्ही येऊ नका.
तू (बोल- + ऊ) बोलू नकोस.तुम्ही बोलू नका.
तू (फसव- + ऊ) फसवू नकोस.तुम्ही फसवू नका.

In speech the subject तू or तुम्ही is almost always dropped. Instead of saying तू इथे बस, we simply say इथे बस.

The verb form indicates the subject. If we say बस, the subject is तू; if we say बसा, the subject is तुम्ही.

For the imperative negative also, the same rule applies. Thus, if we say, इथे बसू नकोस, the subject implied is तू, and when we say इथे बसू नका, the subject implied is तुम्ही.

C. REVIEWING THE REQUEST FOR PERMISSION

मी हे पुस्तक घेऊ का?

आम्ही आत येऊ का?

इथे बसू का?

एक प्रश्न विचारू का?

All these sentences are meant to ask permission.

To form these questions, use the V + form which was used to make imperative negative and add the question word का at the end. These question are used only with the first person pronouns मी and आम्ही. In speech these pronouns are often dropped.

D. REVIEW OF N-ला V- आयचं AUX. CONSTRUCTION

मला सुती सलवार-कमीज घ्यायचा आहे.

I want to by a cotton salwar-kameez.

मला सुती साडी घ्यायची आहे.

I want to buy a cotton sari.

This is a peculiar construction in Marathi, where the subject takes ला (sing.) / ना (pl.) and a verbal adjective is formed by adding आयचं आहे.. If the verb is intransitive, the verbal adjective is in neuter singular, but if the verb is transitive, it changes according to the noun it refers to.

See these sentences where all the verbs are intransitive.

जा-मीराला मुंबईला जायचं आहे.
निघ-उद्या आम्हाला लवकर निघायचं आहे.
ये-तुला माझ्याबरोबर यायचं आहे का?

Now, read these sentences where the verbs are transitive and see how they change according to the gender and number of the noun they refer to:

कर-आईला स्वयंपाक करायचा आहे.
आईला भाजी करायची आहे.
खा-त्यांना आंबे खायचे आहेत.
पि-बाबांना कॉफी प्यायची आहे.
वाच-आजीला पुस्तक वाचायचं आहे.

When we add आयचं आहे to the verb, the verb undergoes some changes, e.g., बाबांना कॉफी प्यायची आहे. Here, पी- changes to प्या- and then takes आयची आहे. Or तिला साडी घ्यायची आहे. Here, घे changes to घ्या- and then takes आयची आहे. Suffice it to say at this stage that the verb takes its imperative plural form (e.g., तुम्ही प्या, तुम्ही घ्या, तुम्ही या) and then आयचं Aux. is added to it.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Use the proper imperative forms of the suggested verbs.

1. तू उद्या लवकर (ये-)

2. तुम्ही उद्या लवकर (ये-)

3. तुमचं पुस्तक (दाखव-)

4. तुझ्या आईला हे पुस्तक (दे-)

5. तुम्ही फक्त मराठी (बोल-)

6. तुम्ही इथे (बस-)

7. तुझे कपडे (आण-)

8. मीरा, तू ऍ?नला (फोन कर-)

9. तुमचे कपडे (धु-)

10. तुम्ही फक्त पाणी (पि-)

B. Fill in each blank with either तू or तुम्ही as appropriate.

1. ... भारतीय स्वयंपाक करा.

2. ... आज लवकर झोप.

3. ... मराठी नाटक बघा.

4. ... ते पुस्तक वाचा.

5. ... आमचे फोटो काढ.

6. ... एक साडी विकत घ्या.

7. ... जरा सावकाश रिक्षा चालवा.

8. ... इकडे ये.

9. ... मीनाला फोन कर.

10. ... रोज थोडं मराठी लिहा.

C. Make negative.

1. चौकात उजवीकडे वळा.

2. तुझे कपडे धू.

3. लवकर अंघोळ करा.

4. दुकानातून पोहे आण.

5. आईला पत्र लिहा.

6. गार पाणी पी.

7. माझ्याकडे या.

8. रोज तबला वाजव.

9. बँकेतून पैसे काढा.

10. हे पुस्तक कपाटात ठेव.

D. Use the proper subject to suit the verb-form.

1. ... टी. व्ही. बघू नकोस.

2. ... मोठ्यानी बोलू नको.

3. ... वर्गात सिगरेट ओढू नकोस.

4. ... रेडिओ लावू नकोस.

5. ... डावीकडे वळू नका.

6. ... उशिरा येऊ नकोस.

7. ... फार तिखट चटणी खाऊ नका.

8. ... खोटं बोलू नकोस.

9. ... पिवळा कुडता विकत घेऊ नका.

10. ... पावसात भिजू नकोस.

E. Translate the following into English.

1. उजवीकडे वळा.

2. त्याला फसवू नकोस.

3. आईला मदत करा.

4. खूप गार पाणी पिऊ नका.

5. उशिरा येऊ नका, वेळेवर या.

6. मला सुटे पैसे द्या.

7. रेडिओवर मराठी बातम्या ऐक.

8. लवकर झोप, उशिरा उठू नकोस.

9. पाटणकरांकडून एक पुस्तक आणा.

10. त्यांना फोन करा आणि हा निरोप सांगा.

F. Translate the following into Marathi.

1. Don't stop near that tree, go ahead.

2. Go for a walk every morning.

3. Wash your clothes.

4. Bring some fruit, but don't bring mangoes.

5. Do not eat or drink in the classroom.

6. Walk to the college everyday.

7. Don't write to me, call me.

8. Show me some cotton shirts.

9. Go straight ahead and stop near the temple.

10. Study Marathi.

G. Translate into Marathi.

1. May I come in?

2. May I sit here?

3. May we meet you tomorrow evening?

4. Shall I read that book?

5. May we go to Mumbai tomorrow?

H. Complete each sentence using the appropriate form of the N ला V- आयचं Aux. Construction.

1. तिला एक मराठी नाटक (बघ-)

2. आजीला देवळात (जा-)

3. आम्हाला साड्या (विकत घे-)

4. तुला भात (खा-) का?

5. मीराला पुस्तक (वाच-)

6. विद्यार्थ्यांना अभ्यास (कर-)

7. आईला नोकरी (कर-)

8. महेशला बँकेतून पैसे (काढ-)

9. तुम्हाला कुमार गंधर्वांचं गाणं (ऐक-) का?

10. त्याला एक गोष्ट (लिहि-)

I. Translate into English.

1. तुम्हाला सुती साडी घ्यायची आहे का?

2. बहुतेक भारतीय चहा पितात.

3. मला वाटतं, हे पुस्तक तू वाच.

4. जर्मनमधे 'book' ला काय म्हणतात?

5. रहदारी म्हणजे काय?

6. बहुतेक अमेरिकन विद्यार्थी खूप अभ्यास करतात.

7. सुधाला रेशमी साड्या आवडत नाहीत.

8. रमेशची आजी नेहमी सुती साड्या नेसते.

9. पावसाळा म्हणजे काय?

10. मराठीत 'sentence' ला काय म्हणतात?

J. Translate into Marathi.

1. Her brother wears silk-pajamas.

2. How do they say 'I forgot' in Marathi?

3. I think I will buy that book.

4. What does समोर mean?

5. These days, most American students learn classical music.


End Game

1. Names of Indian men and women are very unfamiliar and sometimes very difficult to pronounce as well. One has to make a special effect to pronounce the name in the right way and then to remember it.

Let us play a game that will help us do this.

Sit in a circle. Let one person say an Indian name, say, e.g., मीरा. The person to his right repeats that name and adds one more, e.g., मीरा, अभय. The next person repeats these two names in the same sequence and adds another name to the list, saying मीरा, अभय आणि संपदा.

Go on until you say all the names you know.

2. Write ten words each, beginning with आ, क and प. Remember, you have only two minutes for each letter.

3. In three minutes, how many words can you say which have a nasal in them?

Unit Four

Getting to Know the House


17. Please Come In!

ऍ?न आणि मीरा लीना कडे येतात. लीना मीराची मैत्रीण आहे.

Ann and Meera come to Leena's house. Leena is Meera's friend.

Marathi text graphic लीना :या, या. ये. ऍ?न. बस ना मीरा.Please come in. Come in, Ann. Please, sit Meera. लीनाची आई :नमस्कार. तू ऍ?न ना? ये ना.Namaskar. You are Ann, aren't you? Do come in. ऍ?न :नमस्कार. हॅलो, लीना.Namaskar. Hello, Leena.मीरा :मावशी, अभिजित कुठे आहे?Where is Abhijit, Auntie? लीना :अभिजित कॉलेजला गेलाय आणि बाबा गेलेत कामाला.Abhijit has gone to the college. And father has gone to work. ऍ?न :अभिजित म्हणजे.... तुझा भाऊ का?Abhijit is ... your brother? लीना :हो, माझा मोठा भाऊ. मी लहान आहे.Yes. My older brother. I am the younger one. आई :जा, लीना. ऍ?नला आपलं घर दाखव.Leena, go and show Ann our house.

Variations

1. :नमस्कार. येऊ का, काका?Namaskar. May I come in, Uncle?
:कोण? मीरा? ये ये. बस.Who is it? Meera? Do come in. Please sit down.
2. :दाराची घंटा वाजते.The door-bell rings.
:कोण आहे?Who is it?
:मी लीना.It's me - Leena.
:आले हं. एक मिनिट, लीना.Just a moment, coming, Leena.
3. :काकू, ही माझी नवी मैत्रीण ऍ?न.Kaku, meet Ann, my new friend.
:अरे वा! या ना आतमध्ये.Oh, good. Do come in.
4. :ए मीरा, इकडे ये ग.Hey, Meena, come here.
:आले हं, आई.I'll be right there, Mother.
5. :अहो काका, दार उघडता का जरा?Oh uncle, will you please open the door?
:हो हो, आलोच.Yes, I'll be right there.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

मावशी, मावश्या f. auntie, mother's sister

काकू, काकू f. aunt, father's brother's wife

काका, काका m. uncle, father's brother

घंटा, घंटा f. (e) bell

Verbs

दाखव- v.t. to show

वाज- v.t. to ring

Adjectives

आपलं adj. our (inclusive)

नवं adj. new

मोठं adj. big, older

लहान adj. inv. little, younger

Adverbs

आतमधे adv. inside, in

इकडे adv. over here (with verbs of motion)

Names

अभिजित m. Abhijit, a given name

लीना f. Leena, a given name

मीरा f. Meera, a given name

Vocatives

"Hey" (familiar for either gender)

अहो respectful for either gender

WORD STUDY

1. मावशी is mother's sister. However this word is used very often to address a senior woman to show both respect and affection. Often मावशी is added to the woman's first name. Thus, a friend of one's mother will be addressed as मावशी or उषामावशी.

Similarly, काका is father's brother. However, this word is used to address a senior man; e.g., Mr. Joshi who is not actually a relative and is a neighbour will almost always be called जोशीकाका.

2. आले / आलो हं. This expression is used as a response when one is called. It literally means 'I have come', but has the sense conveyed in English by I'll be right there'.

Note that to address a person informally one uses as the vocative; e.g., ए मीरा, ए महेश, etc. To address a person in the respectful, one uses अहो as the vocative; e.g., अहो बाबा, अहो हेमाताई, etc.

3. एक मिनिट literally meaning 'one minute', is used a lot in day to day conversation to express such things as 'One moment please' or 'Please wait for a while', etc.

- मीरा, जरा ते पुस्तक दे ग.Meera, please give me that book.
- देते हं, एक मिनिट.I'll given it in a moment, OK?

4. अहो Many Indian woman do not ever call their husbands by their name. Whenever they want to call the husband, they simply use the respectful vocative अहो, e.g., अहो, चहा घेणार का?

When the husband is not around, these woman refer woman refer to him by third person plural pronoun हे to show respect; e.g., 'हे' घरी नाहीत or 'ह्यां' ना चहा नको.


अभ्यास

a. Break into groups and practice the conversation. Take turns playing each role.

b. Whenever you go to someone's house, note how the host welcomes you. Try to use these different ways when guests come to you.


18. The Living Room

Marathi text graphic लीना :हा आमचा हॉल.This is our living room. ऍ?न :चांगली मोठी आहे ही खोली.This room is nice and big. लीनाची आई :काही लोक हॉलला 'बाहेरची खोली' म्हणतात.Some people call the living room 'the outer room'. मीरा :अगदी योग्य शब्द आहे हा.That is a very appropriate word. ऍ?न :हे पडदेही छान आहेत.These curtains are nice too. लीना :खिडकी मोठी आहे, म्हणून दोन पडदे आहेत.The window's is big; so there are two curtains. ऍ?न :हा टीव्ही रंगीत आहे का?Is this a color T. V.? लीना :हो. मागच्या वर्षी दिवाळीत आणला.Yes, we got it last year, at Diwali. मीरा :लीना, गुलाबाची फुलं किती सुंदर आहेत!Leena, how beautiful these roses are! ऍ?न :आणि निशिगंधही छान आहे.And the tube-roses are beautiful too. लीना :चला, आता आत जाऊ या.Come on, let us go inside.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

हॉल, हॉल m. living room

पडदा, पडदे m. curtain

दिवाळी f. Diwali, the festival of lights

गुलाब m. rose

फूल, फुलं n. flower

निशिगंध m. tube-rose

Adjectives and Adverbs

बाहेरचं adj. of the outer

योग्य adj. inv. appropriate, right

रंगीत adj. inv. colored, colorful

मागचं adj. of the last

मागच्या वर्षी last year

सुंदर adj. inv. beautiful

छान adj. inv. good, nice

चांगलं adv. quite; "nice and ......."

Verbs

आण- v.t. to bring, to get, to buy.

Conjunctions

म्हणून conj. so, therefore

WORD STUDY

The verb आणला is the perfect of आण-. As it is transitive it agrees with the understood object टीव्ही from the previous sentence. Note that the "subject" आम्ही is also understood.


अभ्यास

a. Name all the things in the picture.

b. Describe the living room of your house. Make an inventory of all the furnishings.

c. Find out the meaning of the word तोरण and उंबरठा.


19. The Dining Room

आई :ही आमची जेवायची खोली.This is our dining room.
ऍ?न :तुम्ही टेबल-खुर्ची वापरता?You use table and chairs.
लीना :म्हणजे? मला नाही समजलं!What do you mean? I don't understand.
ऍ?न :मला वाटलं तुम्ही खाली जमिनीवर बसून जेवता.I thought you sat on the floor and ate.
Marathi text graphic मीरा :पूर्वी तसं होतं. पण आजकाल बहुतेक सगळ्यांकडे डायनिंग टेबल असतं.It used to be like that. But these days almost everyone has a dining table. आई :अजूनही लीनाची आजी कधीकधी खाली पाटावर बसून जेवते.Even now, Leena's grandmother does sometimes sit down on a pat and eat. ऍ?न :तुम्ही जेवायला टेबल वापरता. म्हणजे तुम्ही काटा-चमचाही वापरता का?You use a table for dining. Does that mean you also use forks and spoons? आई :नाही, आम्ही हातानी जेवतो.No, we eat with our hand. लीना :ऍ?न, चहा घेणार, की कॉफी? Ann, what will you take-tea or coffee? ऍ?न :कॉफी. पण साखर नको हं.Coffee, but no sugar, please. आई :या, आपण स्वयंपाकघरातच जाऊ या.Come, let's go to the kitchen. Marathi text graphicVOCABULARY

Nouns

जमीन, जमिनी f.(i) floor

पाट, पाट m. a low wooden seat

स्वयंपाकघर, स्वयंपाकघरं m. kitchen

काटा, काटे m. fork

चमचा, चमचे m. spoon

हात, हात n. hand हातानी by hand

Adverbs

खाली adv. down, below

पूर्वी adv. previously

आजकाल adv. these days, nowadays

अजूनही adv. even now, even as yet

कधीकधी adv. sometimes

Adjectives

जेवायचं adj. related to dining

तसं adj. like that

Verbs

वापर- v.t. to use


अभ्यास

Real the questions aloud and answer them orally.

1. तुमच्या घरी जेवायला टेबल वापरतात की पाट?

2. तुम्ही हातानी भात खाता का?

3. तुम्ही काटा-चमचा वापरता का?

4. याला मराठीत काय म्हणतात?

1.Marathi text graphic
2.Marathi text graphic
3.Marathi text graphic
4.Marathi text graphic
5Marathi text graphic

20. The Kitchen

Marathi text graphic आई :ये ऍ?न. हे स्वयंपाकघर. जरा छोटं आहे.Come in Ann. This is the Kitchen. It's a bit small मीरा :पण मावशी, किती व्यवस्थित ठेवलंय सगळंBut mavshi, how beautifully you've arranged everything. लीना :आज मी करते कॉफी.Today I will make the coffee. ऍ?न :मी मदत करू का?May I help? लीना :आज तू पहिल्यांदा घरी आलीयस. तू काम करू नकोस.Today you have come home for the first time. Please don't do any work आई :मीरा, त्या कपबश्या काढ गं.Meera, take out those cups and saucers. लीना :हं. ही घ्या कॉफीWell, here's your coffee. ऍ?न :वा! मस्त झालीय कॉफी.Great! Coffee is very good.
आई :हल्ली लीना अधनंमधनं स्वयंपाकही करते. ये एकदा जेवायला.Nowadays, Leena cooks too once in a while. Do come sometime (once) for dinner.
ऍ?न :थँक्यू, खरच येईन.Thank you. I will definitely come.

Some of the Utensils Found in a Maharashtrian Kitchen.

ताटMarathi text graphic
वाटीMarathi text graphic
तांब्याMarathi text graphic
Marathi text graphic
डावMarathi text graphic
डावलMarathi text graphic
किसणीMarathi text graphic
चिमटाMarathi text graphic
झाकणीMarathi text graphic
कढाईMarathi text graphic
झाराMarathi text graphic
उलथनंMarathi text graphic
डबाMarathi text graphic

Most of the kitchen implements are made of stainless steel. The rolling - board and rolling pin for making chapatis or the churning staff is generally wooden. The griddle is made of cast-iron.


a. Using the list provided, make on inventory of the kitchen utensils in the home of the family where you live, Make sure to get the co-operation and help of your 'mother' in the family!

b. Make a list (in Marathi) of utensils and implements required

1. to make chappatis

2. to make and serve tea

c. What is the Marathi word for each of the following?

1. knife

2. churning staff

3. strainer

4. peeler

5. wok

d. What is the meaning of each of the following?

1. विळी

2. सट

3. किटली

4. पीप

5. डबी


VOCABULARY

Nouns

मदत f. help

कप, कप m. cup

बशी, बश्या f. saucer

स्वयंपाक, स्वयंपाक m. cooking, food

स्वयंपाकघर, स्वयंपाकघर n. kitchen

ताट, ताटं n. metal dinner plate

भांडं, भांडी n. metal water glass; a pot or pan in general

पातेलं, पातेली n. pot

उलथनं, उलथनी n. spatula

वाटी, वाट्या f. small metal curry bowl

किसणी, किसण्या f. grater

झाकणी, झाकण्या f. pot-lid, cover

कढई, कढया f. wok

तांब्या, तांबे m. metal water jug

डाव, डाव m. small serving spoon

डावल, डावल m. large serving spoon

चिमटा, चिमटे m. pair of tongs

झारा, झारे m. perforated spatula

डबा, डबे m. metal storage container

Adjectives

व्यवस्थित adj. inv. neat, proper

मस्त adj. inv. terrific, great

छोटं adj. small

Adverbs

पहिल्यांदा adv. for the first time

अधनंमधनं adv. once in a while

खरंच adv. var. really

एकदा adv. once

हल्ली adv. nowadays

GRAMMAR NOTE

This chapter has another example of a transitive verb in the perfect.

किती व्यवस्थित ठेवलं सगळं. How nicely you've arranged everything. The subject is understood as तुम्ही, but because it is transitive the verb agrees with the direct object - in this case also understood as a neuter 'everything'.


21. The Toilet and Bathroom

मीरा :लीना, मला बाथरुमला जायचं आहे. Leena, I want to go to the toilet.
ऍ?ना :मलाही. कुठे आहे बाथरुम?Me too. Where is the toilet?
लीना :इकडे-मागे आहे. हा संडास आणि ही बाथरुम.This way - at the back. This is the toilet and this is the bathroom.
लीनाची आई :पण आमच्याकडे कमोड नाही आहे.But we don't have a commode.
ऍ?न :चालेल. आता मला सवय आहे.That's OK. By now, I am used to that.
Marathi text graphicCommon Bathroom Fixtures and objects.

1. नळwater tap
2. बादलीbucket
3. तांब्याwater jug
4. अंघोळीचा साबणbath soap
5. शॉवरshower
6. शॅम्पूshampoo
7. कपड्याचा साबणlaundry soap
8. कपड्याचा ब्रशlaundry brush
9. टॉवेल / नॅपकीनtowel
Marathi text graphic

a. Starting with the object listed above make an inventory of the bathroom fixtures and utensils in the home of the family where you live.

b. Answer the following questions.

1. तुम्ही रोज गरम पाण्याची अंघोळ करता का?

2. तुम्ही अंघोळीसाठी कोणता साबण वापरता?

3. तुमचे कपडे कोण धुतं?

4. नहा- म्हणजे काय?

5. अंघोळीनंतर पंचा कशासाठी वापरतात?

VOCABULARY

Nouns

बाथरुम f. bathroom

संडास, संडास m. latrine, toilet

कमोड n. commode, western - style toilet

सवय, सवयी f.(i) habit

नळ, नळ m. water tap, faucet

तांब्या, तांबे m. metal water jug

शॉवर m. shower

साबण, साबण m. soap

शॅम्पू m. shampoo

कपड्याचा ब्रश m. laundry brush

टॉवेल, टॉवेल m. towel

नॅपकीन, नॅपकीन m. towel

अंघोळ, अंघोळी f. bath

बादली, बादल्या f. bucket

Adverbs

मागे adv. in the back, at the back

Verbs

बाथरुमला जा- v. i. to go to the toilet

22. The Bedroom

लीना :हा जिना. वरती दोन बेडरुम्स आणि गच्ची आहे. जाऊ या का?This is the staircase. There are two bedrooms and a terrace upstairs, Shall we go?
ऍ?न :हो चला.Yes. Let's go.
सगळ्या वर जातात.Everybody goes upstairs.
लीनाची आई :ही मुलांची खोली. हे त्यांचे पलंग.This is the children's bedroom. These are their beds.
लीना :ही मऊ गादी माझी. अशोकला कडक गादी आवडते.This soft mattress is main. Ashok likes a hard mattrees.
मीरा :मला गादी, उशी, पांघरूण- संगळं मऊच आवडतंI like everything to be soft - the mattress, the pillow and also the cover.
लीना :ती आमच्या आईबाबांची खोली. ती आमच्या खोलीपेक्षा मोठी आहे.That's our parents' bedroom. It's bigger than our room.
ऍ?न :छान आहे तुमचं घर. मला खूप आवडलं.Your house is nice. I like it a lot.
मीरा :मावशी, निघतो आता. आई आमची वाट बघत असेल.Auntie, we should leave now. Mother is waiting (for us).
लीना :या पुन्हा. अच्छा, ऍ?न.Do come again, Goodbye, Ann.
ऍ?न :अच्छा, आणि कॉफीसाठी थँक्स.Goodbye. And thank you for the coffee.
Marathi text graphicVOCABULARY

Nouns

जिना, जिने m. staircase

बेडरूम f. bedroom

गच्ची, गच्च्या f. terrace

पलंग, पलंग m. cot, bed

गादी, गाद्या f. mattress

उशी, उश्या f. pillow, cushion

पांघरूण, पांघरुणं n. cover

वाट, वाटा f. (e) path, way

Adjective

मऊ adj. inv. soft

कडक adj. inv. hard (to the touch)

Adverbs

वरती adv. upstairs

पुन्हा adv. again

Postpositions

-पेक्षा post. than, compared to

Verbs

वाट बघ- v. t. to wait for (some body)

WORD STUDY

वाट बघ- is an idiom used in the sense of 'to wait for someone'.

आई आमची वाट बघते.Mother is waiting for us.
आई मीराची वाट बघते.Mother is waiting for Meera.
ऍ?न त्यांची वाट बघते.Ann is waiting for them.

वाट बघ- is different from थांब - वाट बघ- is used when a person is late and more often than not a sense of worry is implied.


अभ्यास

1. Translate the following into Marathi.

1. Mahesh is waiting for a phone call.

2. Who are you waiting for?

3. She is waiting for Kaku.

4. Don't wait for me.

5. Is he waiting for his friend?

2. What is मच्छरदाणी? What is it used?


23. The Puja

रोज सकाळी अंघोळीनंतर मीराचे बाबा देवाची पूजा करतात. घरी एक छोटंसं देवघर आहे. त्यात चार मूर्ती आहेत. बाबा आधी देवांना अंघोळ घालतात, पुसतात आणि मग हळदकुंकू लावतात, फुलं वहातात आणि नमस्कार करतात. आई एका छोट्या वाटीत दूध साखर आणते. बाबा ती वाटी देवासमोर ठेवतात. त्याला नैवेद्या म्हणतात. देवासमोर समई आणि उदबत्तीही असते. सगळे जण तिथे येतात, डोळे मिटतात आणि हात जोडून प्रार्थना म्हणतात.

Marathi text graphicEvery morning, after his bath, Meera's father does puja to the Gods. There is a small shrine in the house. There are four figurines in it. First, father gives a bath to the Gods, wipes them and then applies turmeric powder and kumkum, offers flowers, and does namaskar. Mother brings milk and sugar in a small bowl. Father puts that in front of the Gods. This is called naivedya. There is an oil-lamp and also an incense stick in front of the Gods. Everybody comes there, closes their eyes and folding their hands, says the prayer.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

पूजा, पूजा f. (e) worship

देवघर, देवघरं n. a small wooden case to house the family gods

मूर्ती, मूर्ती f. image, figurine

हळद f. (i) turmeric powder

कुंकू n. kumkum

नैवेद्य m. food offered to a deity

समई, समया f. oil-lamp with a wick

उदबत्ती, उदबत्त्या f. incense stick

प्रार्थना, प्रार्थना f. (e) prayer

डोळा, डोळे m. eye

टिकली, टिकल्या f. forehead sticker spot

Verbs

पुस- v. t. to wipe (dry)

लाव- v. t. to apply

वहा- v. t. to offer

मिट- v. t. to close

जोड- v. t. to fold, join

Adverbs

आधी adv. first of all

हळदकुंकू

हळद and कुंकू are two powders which play a very significant role in all Hindu rituals. हळद is turmeric powder and is yellow in color. कुंकू these days is prepared synthetically and is red in color. Every religious function begins with offering or applying हळद-कुंकू. It signifies an auspicious start.

Marathi text graphicSome men and all the women have कुंकू on their forehead, A married Maharashtrian woman must always have कुंकू on her forehead. These days, instead of this dry red powder, women use synthetically prepared stickers in various colors and forms, known as टिकली.

अभ्यास

1. Start with the देवघर of the family where you live, then visit at least five families in the neighbourhood. Ask to see देवघर. Talk to the families and find out the names of the Gods they worship and the implements of worship they use.

2. Find out the meanings of these words, which are associated with the daily worship:

निरांजन, अक्षता, गंध, प्रसाद, श्‌्लोक

3. Visit a temple in the area. Note the similarities between देवघर and a temple.

Marathi text graphic

24. Grammer

A) ADJECTIVES

Up to this point we have already encountered about three dozen adjectives.

Adjectives give you more information about the noun you are talking about. In this unit we have come across many phrases with adjectives, for example:

मोठा भाऊbig brother
छोटं घरsmall house
मऊ उशीsoft pillow

In these examples, the words मोठा, छोटं and मऊare adjectives which give you some additional information about the nouns भाऊ, घर and उशी respectively. In other words, adjectives qualify nouns.

As we have seen, the adjectives in Marathi can be classified in two groups: variable and invariable.

B) VARIABLE ADJECIVES

Variable adjective are those which change according to the gender and number of the nouns they qualify; note how the adjective मोठं changes in the examples below.

मोठा भाऊbig brother
मोठी बहीणbig sister
मोठं घरbig house

Here are of the vowel endings which the variable adjectives take:

gendersing.pl.
M--
F--या
N-*-

Let's take a concrete example and see how these ending are used.

genderNumberAdjectiveNoun
M
M
sing.
pl.
मोठा
मोठे
भाऊ
भाऊ
F
F
sing.
pl.
मोठी
मोठ्या
बहीण
बहिणी
N
N
sing.
pl.
मोठं
मोठी
घर
घरं
* We should note in passing that in more formal written contexts the neuter singular is rendered by the vowel .

Here are most of the variable adjectives you have encountered so far. They are listed with the neuter singular ending.

नवं newसगळं all
मोठं big, elderबरं OK, well
छोटं small, youngerसाधं plain
उजवं rightदुसरं second
डावं leftपाचवं fifth
थोडं a littleमागचं last
फारसं (not) very muchपुढचं next, upcoming
खरं trueमोकळं unengaged, free
चांगलं nice, goodकमावतं working (`earning')
पिवळं yellowनिरनिराळं various
हिरवं greenएकटं alone
निळं blueतसं like that
जांभळंpurpleअसं like this
तांबडं red

Some of these adjectives form natural pairs of opposites, i.e., मोठं and छोटं or उजवं and डावं, that might make them easier to learn and remember. Here are a couple more of these sets to add to the list : the opposite of नवं 'new' is जुनं 'old' and the opposite of खरं 'true' is खोटं 'false'.

The variable adjectives are so named for one more reason. They must become oblique when the noun they qualify becomes oblique before a postposition. Fortunately, there is only one oblique form. All the variable adjectives change to Adj. + या when the noun they qualify takes a postposition.

मला मोठं घर आवडतं.I like a big house.
मी मोठ्या घरात रहातो.I live in a big house.

In sentence No. 1, the noun घर does not have any postposition added to it, hence the adjective मोठं does not change to its oblique form. But in sentence No. 2, the noun घर takes the postposition आत, and hence the adjective मोठं changes and takes या. Thus we have the form मोठं + या=मोठ्या.

Note the oblique forms of the variable adjectives in these sentences:

तुमच्या नव्या घराजवळ शाळा आहे का?Is there a school near your new house?
त्या पिवळ्या साडीची किंमत काय?What is the price of that yellow sari?
ताज्या हिरव्या भाजीत जीवनसत्त्वं असतात. (vitamins)There are vitamins in fresh green vegetables.
पिवळ्या पिशव्यांत काय आहे?What is in the yellow bags?

C. INVARIABLE ADJECTIVES

सुती सलवार-कमीजcotton salwar-kameej
बहुतेक लोकmost people
गोड आंबेsweet mangoes
महाग कुडताexpensive kurta
रंगीत टीव्हीcolor T.V.
मस्त चहाterrific tea

These are all examples of invariable adjectives. As their name suggests, they do not change, whatever the gender and number of the noun they qualify.

genderNumberAdjectiveNoun
M
M
sing.
pl.
महाग
महाग
आंबा
आंबे
F
F
sing.
pl.
महाग
महाग
साडी
साड्या
N
N
sing.
pl.
महाग
महाग
पुस्तक
पुस्तकं

As these adjectives do not change, it is simpler and easier to use them. Here are most of the invariable adjectives you have encountered so for.

पुष्कळmanyमुख्यprincipal, mainस्वस्तcheap
अनेकmanyयोग्यappropriateमहागexpensive
बहुतेकmostविशेषspecialगोडsweet
प्रत्येकeachव्यवस्थितproper, neatआंबटsour
वैयक्तिकindividualशक्यpossibleगरमhot
इतरotherशास्त्रीयclassicalउंचtall, high
छानniceतयारready; ripeकडकhard (to the touch)
मस्तterrificबरोबरcorrectरंगीतcolored
ठीकOKचूकincorrectलालred
सुंदरbeautiful, very fineगरीबpoorलहानsmall, younger
हुशारsmart, cleverश्रीमंतrich

The invariable adjectives almost always end in a consonant. But there are some that end in either or ऊ.

मऊsoft
आणखीmore
काहीsome
खालीinoccupied, empty
सुतीmade of cotton
रेशमीmade of silk

Once again in might be helpful to establish pairs of opposites, e.g., बरोबर / चूक, गरीब / श्रीमंत, स्वस्त / महाग, गोड / आंबट, कडक / मऊ. To this list you can add the opposite of गरम 'hot', either थंड 'cold' or गार 'cold'. The opposite of चांगलं or छान is वाईट 'bad'.

Note that the invariable adjectives do not change even if the nouns they qualify take postposition.

तो रोज गरम पाण्यानी अंघोळ करतो.He bathes each day with hot water.
हुशार विद्यार्थ्यांना परीक्षा सोपी जाईल.The exam will go easily for smart students.
माझ्या लाल सायकलची किल्ली कुठं आहे?Where's the key to my red bike?
लहान रस्त्यावर गर्दी खूप होते.There's always a lot of crowding on a small road.

D) ADJECTIVES IN THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE

सिंथेटिक साडीपेक्षा रेशमी साडी बरी आहे.A silk sari is better than a synthetic sari.
आंबे याच्यापेक्षा स्वस्त मिळणार नाहीत.You won't get mangoes cheaper than this.
आई बाबांची खोली आमच्या खोलीपेक्षा मोठी आहे.Mother and Father's room is bigger than our room.
सुधा मीरापेक्षा उंच आहे.Sudha is taller than Meera.
सफरचंदापेक्षा आंबे महाग असतात.As a rule mangoes are more expensive than apples.
गंगा गोदावरीपेक्षा मोठी नदी आहे.The Ganges is a bigger river than the Godavari.

It will be clear from these sentences that in Marathi adjectives do not have a separate comparative form. The same adjective is used. To show the comparison the postposition -पेक्षा (than) is added to the noun with which the comparison is made.

Compare these sentences carefully.

सुधा मीरापेक्षा उंच आहे.

Sudha is taller than Meera.

मीरा सुधापेक्षा उंच आहे.

Meera is taller than Sudha.

Sometimes, comparative degree of adjectives is shown by adding the word जास्त (more) before the adjective. The sentences above could also be spoken like this:

सुधा मीरापेक्षा जास्त उंच आहे

सफरचंदापेक्षा आंबे जास्त महाग असतात.

गंगा सतलजपेक्षा जास्त मोठी नदी आहे.

E) INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES

You have encountered numerous interrogatives (question words) up to this point.

Many of them are adjectives. Let's list them here with examples.

किती- how many, how much - is an invariable adjective.

वर्गात किती विद्यार्थी आहेत?

How many students are there in the classroom?

चहात किती साखर घालू?

How much sugar shall I put in the tea?

The other interrogative adjectives you know are all variable adjectives.

1. कोणाचं- whose

हा रुमाल कोणाचा आहे?

Whose handkerchief is this?

The form कोणाचा agrees with the masculine singular noun रुमाल. It will change according to the gender and number of the noun it modifies.

ही पिशवी कोणाची आहे?

या कोणाच्या चपला आहेत?

sing.pl.
Mकोणाचाकोणाचे
Fकोणाचीकोणाच्या
Nकोणाचंकोणाची

2. कोणतं- which

तुला कोणता कुडता हवा?

Which Kurta do you want?

The form कोणता agrees with the masculine singular noun कुडता here and will change according to the gender and number of the noun it modifies.

त्यांना कोणतं पुस्तकं हवंय?Which book does he want?
मी कोणती भाजी आणू?Which vegetable shall I bring?
sing.pl.
Mकोणताकोणते
Fकोणतीकोणत्या
Nकोणतंकोणती

3. कसं- how

जिम, तू कॉलेजला कसा येतोस?Jim, how do you come to the college?

कसा agrees here with तू and is subject to change according to the gender and number of the noun it modifies.

सीमा, तू कशी येतेस?

प्रा. देशपांडे, तुम्ही कसे आहात?

sing.pl.
Mकसाकसे
Fकशीकशा
Nकसंकशी

4. कसलं- of what type

तुम्हाला कसला कुडता हवाय - सुती की रेशमी?What type of Kurta of you want - cotton or silk?

कसला agrees here with कुडता (m. sing.) and is subject to change according to the gender and number of the noun it modifies.

तुम्हाला कसलं चित्रं बघायचं आहे?What kind of picture do you want to see?
त्यांना कसल्या बांगड्या दाखवू?What kind of bangles shall I show them?
sing.pl.
Mकसलाकसले
Fकसलीकसल्या
Nकसलंकसली

5. कुठलं- from where

तुम्ही कुठले / कुठल्या?Where are you from?
ती मुलगी कुठली?Where is that girl from?
sing.pl.
Mकुठलाकुठले
Fकुठलीकुठल्या
Nकुठलंकुठली

The other interrogatives you know belong to other parts of speech, but let's list them also.


पोस्ट ऑफिस कुठे आहे?
1.कोण- who
हा कोण आहे?
Who is he?
2.काय- what
तुला काय हवंय?
What do you want?
3.का- at the end of a question makes it a yes-no question.
तुम्हाला मराठी आवडतं का?Do you like Marathi?
का which is not at the end of a question and is before the verb means 'why'.
तुम्हाला मराठी का आवडतं?Why do you like Marathi?
4. कुठे- whereWhere is the post-office?
5. कधी / केव्हा- when
तुम्ही कधी / केव्हा येणार?
When will you come back?
6. कोणी- by whom (instrumental 'who')
हे पुस्तक तुला कोणी दिलं?Who gave this book to you?
7. कोणाला- to whom
हे पुस्तक कोणाला देऊ?
To whom shall I give this book?
8. कोणासाठी- for whom
तू कोणासाठी साडी आणलीस?
For whom did you bring the saree?

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Complete the sentences using the appropriate form of the given adjective:

1. ही माझी (मोठं) बहीण.

2. ह्या माझ्या (मोठं) बहिणी.

3. प्रा. जोशींचं (नवं) पुस्तक वाचलंस का?

4. मराठी (जुनं) भाषा आहे.

5. आजी नेहमी (निळं) साड्या नेसते.

6. किती (चांगलं) मुलगा आहेस तू!

7. (पिवळं) केळी छान लागतात.

8. रमेशचे आजोबा (निरनिराळं) पुस्तकं वाचतात.

9. तुम्ही (फारसं) कॉफी पीत नाही का?

10. ह्या (पिवळं) साड्या कुणाच्या?

B. Identify the gender and number of the following adjectives and give suitable nouns.

e.g., नवं- n.sing., so नवं घर

साधी

चांगले

छोटी

निळा

जुने

जांभळा

थोडं

पिवळे

हिरवी

पुढच्या

C. Match the following and make sentences using the pair of words:

जुनीहात
उजवाडोळे
मोठीगाड्या
चांगल्याभाषा
निळेमुलं

D. Fill in the blanks with a suitable invariable adjective.

1. लिंबू..... आहे.

?B2. मी मोठा, ही माझी ..... बहीण.

3. एका साडीला दोन हजार रुपये? बापरे! खूपच .....आहे.

4. रोज ते फ्रीजमधलं .... पाणी पितात.

5. तुला जुना कुडता हवा, की .....?

6. तो विद्यार्थी खूप .......... आहे.

7. सुधीरकडे खूप पैसे आहेत, तो.... आहे.

8. रेखा खूप ..... दिसते.

9. त्याला ......... चहा आवडत नाही.

10. हा आंबा जरा .......... आहे.

E. Give opposites for each of the following adjectives.

गरीब

गोड

मोठ्या

चूक

मऊ

खरं

गरम

स्वस्त

नवा

चांगलं

F. Translate into Marathi.

1. Ramesh is tall.

2. Ramesh is taller than Anand.

3. Anand is taller than Ram.

4. Marathi is easier (सोपं) than Sanskrit.

5. This tree is greener than that one.

6. Coffee is better than tea.

7. The Atlantic Ocean is smaller than the Pacific Ocean.

8. Bananas are cheaper than apples.

9. He is smarter than us.

10. The Himalay is a taller mountain range than the Rockies.

End Game

1. Here are some anagrams of Marathi words. Make meaningful words form them.

e.g., हेबार - बाहेर

सरदचंफदाचिकत
बाजोआमोरस
पुकस्ततभार
रविरवापगतीण
राशिउऊसपा
देरघवकासळ
खतिटरोबरब
रामठी

2. Fill in the blanks to make proper words.

e.g., -पा - = कपाट or दुपार

-हा-

-

-क्र - र

--शी

दु - न

सा - ण

-व घ-

-भ्या-

नं- -

ज - ळ

Marathi text graphic

Unit Five

Telling What You Did


25. What All Did You Make?

आई, बाबा, मीरा, महेश आणि ऍ?न गप्पा मारतायत.Mother, Father, Meera, Mahesh and Ann are chatting.
Marathi text graphic बाबा :मग काय, मीरा, कसा झाला तुमचा कार्यक्रम?So, Meera, how was your program? मीरा :खूप छान! खूप मजा केली आम्ही.Oh, very good. We had lots of fun. महेश :कार्यक्रम? म्हणजे गाणं-बिणं?Program? You mean music? ऍ?न :नाही रे. काल आम्ही स्वयंपाक केला.Oh, no. Yesterday, we cooked. महेश :अरे वा! काय काय केलंत तुम्ही?Great! What all did you make? मीरा :आम्ही सगळ्या शिल्पाकडे जमलो.All of us gathered at Shilpa's place. ऍ?न :आम्ही भाज्या घालून मसालेभात केला.We made spiced rice with vegetables added in. आई :आणि पोळ्या कुणी केल्या?And who made the chapattis? मीरा :पोळ्या नाही, पुऱ्या तळल्या आम्ही.No chappatis, we fried puris. ऍ?न :शिल्पानी टोमॅटो-काकडीचा कोशिंबीर केली आणि प्रियानी पुदिन्याची चटणी आणली.Shilpa made cucumber-tomato salad and Priya brought mint chutney.
महेश :आणि गोड पदार्थ काय होता?And what was the dessert ('sweet dish')
मीरा :मी गुलाबजाम विकत आणले.I bought some gulabjams.
ऍ?न :जेवणानंतर आम्ही एक हिंदी सिनेमा बघितला!After dinner, we saw a Hindi movie!
आई :खरंच आवडला का तुला?Oh, really? Did you like it?
ऍ?न :थोडा थोडा.A little.
आई :मराठी सिनेमा कधी बघितलास का?Did you ever see a Marathi movie?
ऍ?न :नाही. पण एकदा बघायचा आहे.No. But I want to see (one) once.
महेश :मग माझ्या परीक्षेनंतर आपण सगळे एक मराठी सिनेमाला जाऊ या.Then let's all go to a Marathi movie after my exams.
बाबा :जरूर!Certainly!

The Maharashtrian Meal

Marathi text graphicMany Maharashtrians are vegetarians - शाकाहारी. Here are some of the food items commonly seen in a Maharashtrian vegetarian meal:

भातrice
भाजीvegetable curry
उसळcurried sprouts
आमटीspiced lentil curry
वरणplain lentil soup
पोळीwheat-flour chappati
भाकरीmillet-flour chappati
पिठलंthick chickpea-flour curry
पुरीfried wheat puff
चटणीchutney
कोशिंबीरsalad
लोणचंpickles
दहीcurds
ताकbuttermilk
पापडroasted or deep fried crispies
मीठsalt
तूपghee
लिंबूlemon

This does not mean that one eats all these things everyday. It only indicates the repertoire from which certain chosen items are prepared. However, आमटी-भात- भाजी-पोळी is the standard menu.

Many Maharashtrians are non-vegetarians - मांसाहारी. Here are some non- vegetarian food-items:

मटणmutton, meat in general
कोंबडीchicken
मासाfish
अंडंegg
कोळंबंshrimp
खेकडाcrab
खीमाspicy ground mutton
Marathi text graphic

On festival days special occasions, some dishes are prepared. Here are some names. Find out for yourself how they look and taste.

मसालेभात m.पुरणपोळी f.
पुलाव m.पराठा m.
श्रीखंड n.वडा m.
जिलबी f.सार n.
खीर f.भजं, भजी n.
Marathi text graphic

अभ्यास

a. Without reference to the Vocabulary, go through the items listed in the Maharashtrian Meal and try to establish their genders. This might be done best in small groups.

b. Using the pattern आम्ही N केलं / केला / केली, go through the शाकाहारी list of dishes and report having made each.

c. Now do the same using the pattern शिल्पानी N केलं / केला / केली.

d. Make a three-day inventory of what you eat during your dinners at your Pune home and see how close you come to the Maharashtrian Meal.

e. Answer the following questions:

1. रोज घरी स्वयंपाक कोण करतं?

2. काल रात्री तुम्ही कोणती भाजी खाल्ली?

3. तुम्हाला कोशिंबीर आवडते का?

4. 'उसळ' म्हणजे काय?

5. पाच गोड पदार्थांची नावे लिहा?

VOCABULARY

Nouns

गप्पा f. pl. chatting 0 मार- v.t. to chat

कार्यक्रम, कार्यक्रम m. program, planned event

मजा, मजा f. fun, enjoyment

गाणं, गाणी n. song, music

मसाला, मसाले m. spice

मसालेभात m. spiced rice

पुरी, पुऱ्या f. fried wheat puff

टोमॅटो, टोमॅटो m. tomato

काकडी, काकड्या f. cucumber

चटणी f. chutney, a spicy garnish

पुदिना m. mint

कोशिंबीर, कोशिंबिरी f. salad

पदार्थ, पदार्थ m. preparation, dish

गुलाबजाम m. round mava ball, deep fried and served with sugar-syrup

परीक्षा, परीक्षा f. examination

उसळ f. curried sprouts

आमटी f. spiced lentil curry

वरण n. plain lentil curry

पोळी, पोळ्या f. wheat-flour chapatti

भाकरी, भाकऱ्या f. millet-flour chapatti

पिठलं m. thick spicy chickpea flour soup

लोणचं, लोणची n. spicy pickles

दही n. yogurt / curd

ताक m. buttermilk

पापड, पापड m. deep fried crisps

मीठ n. salt

तूप n. ghee, clarified butter

लिंबू, लिंबू m. lemon

मटण n. mutton, meat generally

कोंबडी, कोंबड्या f. chicken

मासा, मासे m. fish

अंडं, अंडी n. egg

कोळंबं, कोळंबी n. shrimp

खेकडा, खेकडे m. crab

खीमा m. spicy, ground mutton

Verbs

जम- v.i. to gather, to come together

तळ- v.t. to deep fry

केली perfect participle of कर- v.t. to do, to make

बघितला perfect participle of बघ- v.t to see, to watch

विकत आण- v.t. (compound) to buy

Adverbs and Adjectives

जरूर adv. certainly, definitely

गोड adj. inv. sweet

खरंच adj. very true

एका adj. oblique one

शाकाहारी adj. inv. vegetarian

मांसाहारी adj. inv. non-vegetarian

WORD STUDY

1. गाणं-बीणं is an example of a very common feature of idiomatic speech in Marathi: a 'shadow-word' is used after a word to indicate something similar to that word. बिणं is the shadow-word in the pair गाणं-बीणं and the pair indicates music and allied things.

These shadow words are formed by substituting बि for the first syllable of the first word. In the example we saw (गाणं), गा is replaced by बि so we have गाणं- बिणं. Here are some more examples.

आई, माझ्यासाठी काही फोन-बिन होता का?Mother, was there a phone call or anything for me?
त्यांना चहा-बिहा काही आवडत नाही.They don't like tea or anything else.
महेश कुठे गेलाय-बिलाय की काय?Has Mahesh gone somewhere or something?

2. खाल्लं is the highly irregular perfect participle of the transitive verb खा-. Unlike any other verb in Marathi, the verbal base is joined directly to the perfect marker to form a double ल्ल. Simply bear this irregularity in mind.

26. The Vegetables

रविवारी सकाळी आई आणि बाबा मंडईत गेले. त्यांनी खूप भाज्या आणि फळं आणली. बाबांसाठी पालेभाजी आणली. मुलांसाठी कोबी, गाजर, मटार आणि भेंडी आणली. आईला फळं खूप आवडतात, म्हणून त्यांनी द्राक्षं आणि सफरचंदंही घेतली. आईनी सगळी भाजी निवडली आणि फ्रीजमध्ये ठेवली. बाबांनीही आईला मदत केली. शिवाय, आई दमली म्हणून बाबांनी तिच्यासाठी थंडगार सरबत बनवलं आणि एक सफरचंदही कापून दिलं तिला.

Marathi text graphicFather and Mother went to the vegetable market on Sunday morning. They brought home lots of vegetables and fruit. They brought leafy vegetables for father and cabbage, carrots, greens peas and okra for the children. Mother likes fruit a lot so they got grapes and apples too. Mother cleaned all the vegetables and put them in the refrigerator. Father helped her too. Moreover, since Mother was tired, he prepared a nice cold sarbat for her and also cut up an apple and gave it to her.

Common vegetables and fruit

भाज्यांची नावं

कांदाonion
बटाटाpotato
आलंginger
लसूणgarlic
मिरचीchili
कोथिंबीरcilantro
कोबीcabbage
फ्लॉवरcauliflower
गाजरcarrot
मटारgreen peas
सिमला / ढब्बू / भोपळी मिरची green pepper
टोमॅटोtomato
वांगंegg plant
भोपळाpumpkin
बीटbeet
शेंगाpea pods
काकडीcucumber
लिंबूlemon
Marathi text graphicIndians eat a lot fresh green leafy vegetables especially with भाकरी. पाला means 'leaf so पालेभाजी means, 'leafy vegetable'.

पालेभाज्यांची नावं

मेथीfenugreek greens
पालकspinach
मुळाradish greens
कांदापातspring onion with leaves
पुदिनाmint

There are many other leafy vegetables like माठ, करडई, चाकवत अळू, etc. They do not have common English names. A visit to the vegetable market will make the identification of these leafy vegetables easier.

फळांची नावं

केळंbanana
आंबाmango
सफरचंदapple
द्राक्षgrape
कलिंगडwatermelon
फणसjackfruit
मोसंबंorange ('sweet-lime' in India)
संत्रंtangerine ('orange' in India)
अननसpineapple
सीताफळcustard apple
पोपईpapaya
पेरूguava
डाळिंबpomegranate
बोरberry
चिक्कूsapota
Marathi text graphic

अभ्यास

a. Without referring to the VOCABULARY, try to establish the genders of the Common Vegetables and Fruit. Do this in discussion in small groups.

b. Using the pattern त्यांनी N आणलं / आणला / etc., report आई and बाबा brought each of the common vegetables and fruit home.

c. Do the same using the pattern आईनी N घेतलं / घेतला/ etc.

d. Go along when your host family goes shopping for fruit and vegetables and make an inventory.

e. Do some investigating before answering the following questions:

1. सुरण म्हणजे काय? ते फळ आहे की भाजी?

2. तुम्हाला कोणती पालेभाजी आवडते?

3. आमरस म्हणजे काय?


VOCABULARY

Nouns

मंडई f. vegetable market

फळ, फळं n. fruit

पालेभाजी, पालेभाज्या f. leafy vegetable

कोबी m. cabbage

गाजर n. carrot

मटार m. green pea

भेंडी, भेंड्या f. okra

द्राक्ष, द्राक्षं n. grape

सफरचंद, सफरचंदं n. apple

फ्रीज m. refrigerator

सरबत n. drink made with lemon, sugar and salt

मदत f. (i) help

कांदा, कांदे m. onion

बटाटा, बटाटे m. potato

आलं n. ginger

लसूण f. garlic

मिरची, मिरच्या f. chili pepper

कोथिंबीर f. (i) cilantro, coriander

फ्लॉवर m. cauliflower

सिमला / ढब्बू / भोपळी मिरची, मिरच्या f. green pepper

टोमॅटो, टोमॅटो m. tomato

वांगी, वांगी n. egg plant

भोपळा, भोपळे m. pumpkin

बीट n. beet

शेंगा f. pl. pea pods

काकडी, काकड्या f. cucumber

लिंबू, लिंबं n. lemon

मेथी f. fenugreek greens

पालक m. spinach

मुळा m. radish greens

कांदापात f. spring onion with greens

पुदिना m. mint

केळं, केळी n. banana

आंबा, आंबे m. mango

कलिंगड, कालिंगडं n. watermelon

फणस, फणस m. jackfruit

मोसंबं, मोसंबी n. orange ('sweet lime' in India)

संत्रं, संत्री n. tangerine

अननस, अननस m. pineapple

सीताफळ n. custard apple

पोपई, पोपया f. papaya

पेरू, पेरू m. guava

डाळिंब, डाळिंबं n. pomegranate

बोर, बोरं n. jujube berry

चिक्कू, चिक्कू m. sapota

Verbs

घेतली perfect participle of घे- v.t. (irreg.) to take, to get

निवड- v.t. to pick over, clean; also, to choose, to select

बनव- v.t. to prepare, to make

काप- v.t. to cut (fruit, vegetables, etc.)

दिलं perfect participle of दे- n. t. (irreg.) to give.

27. Ganapati Festival

Ann writers from Pune to her Marathi friend Susheela Bhave who lives in Rock Falls, Illinois.

Marathi text graphicपुणे

10 सप्टेंबर 98

प्रिय सुशीला,

स. न.

खूप दिवसांनी तुला पत्र लिहितेय. परवा तू फोन केलास. तेव्हा मी घरी नव्हते. इथे आता मला छान वाटतं. माझं कुटुंब खूप चांगलं आहे. मी त्यांचे खूप फोटो काढलेत.

मागच्या आठवड्यात आमच्या घरी गणपती उत्सव होता. जवळजवळ प्रत्येक घरी गणपती असतो. मीरा, महेश आणि मी बाबांबरोबर दुकानात गेलो. बाबांनी 'गणपती' विकत घेतला.

घरी आल्यानंतर बाबांनी पूजा केली. सगळ्यांनी आरती म्हटली. आईनी मोदक केले होते. मी चार मोदक खाल्ले.

गावातही सगळीकडे गणपती होते. लोकांनी आरासही केली होती. मी दोन - तीन गणपती पाहिले. पण खूपच गर्दी होती, म्हणून मग मी परत आले.

माझा अभ्यास ठीक चाललाय. खूप वेगळा अनुभव आहे हा. बरंच शिकायला मिळालं.

तू काय म्हणतेस? नवी नोकरी चालू आहे ना? आणि तुझी आई कशी आहे? तिला नमस्कार सांग.

पत्र लिही. आपल्या मित्र-मैत्रिणींनाही नमस्कार सांग.

तुझी,

ऍ?न

Marathi text graphicPune

10th Sept. 98

Dear Susheela,

I am writing to you after a long time ('after many days'). You called the other day. I wasn't home then.

Now I am feeling quite comfortable here. My family is very nice. I've taken a lot of pictures of them.

Last week we had the Ganapati Festival in our house. Nearly every house has a Ganapati. Meera, Mahesh and I went to the store with father. Father bought a Ganapati (figurine).

After coming home, Father did the puja. Everybody said the arti. Mother had prepared modak. I ate four modaks.

There were Ganapatis everywhere in town as well. People had also made decorations. I saw a couple of Ganapatis. But it was terribly crowded, so I came back.

My studies are going OK. This is a very different experience. I've gotten (the chance) to learn a lot.

How are you? It the new job going on OK? And how is your mom? Give my regards to her.

Do write, and say 'hi' to our friends.

Yours,

Ann

गणपती उत्सव

Ganapati is an important festival celebrated on a very grand scale in Maharashtra.

Ganapati is a god of intelligence. He has an extremely interesting form, with a large belly and the head of an elephant, complete with a trunk and two tusks.

The fourth day of the brighter half in the month of Bhadrapad, according to the Hindu calendar, is known as Ganesh-chaturthi. On this day people bring a figuring of Ganapati made of clay, install him in the house and worship him with great love and devotion. This festival lasts for ten days. On the last day the figuring is immersed in water either in a river or in the sea.

On the social level this festival is celebrated with great pomp. People living in the same area come together and form groups (मंडळ) to organize and celebrate Ganapati. A huge image of Ganapati is installed and it is lavishly decorated. At night there is bright lighting and thousands of people crowd to see that.

After ten days of festivities, on Ananta Chaturdashi, which is the fourteenth day of Bhadrapad, aarti is sung for the last time. There is a huge procession where all the public Ganapati images are taken to be immersed in the river. The procession is accompanied by loud music, dance and other merriment. It sometimes goes on for more than twenty-four hours. This procession, especially in Pune, has become a big attraction for the people in and around the city.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

पत्र, पत्रं n. letter

गणपती m. Ganapati, also called गणेश Ganesh

उत्सव. उत्सव m. festival

आरती, आरत्या f. devotional prayer, waving of lamps before a deity or person

मोदक, मोदक m. a sweet prepared with coconut stuffing specially during Ganapati festival

आरास f. decoration

अनुभव, अनुभव m. experience

Adjectives

प्रिय adj. inv. dear

वेगळं adj. different

चालू adj. inv. started, in process

Adverbs

जवळजवळ adv. nearly

सगळीकडे adv. everywhere

Verbs

पाहिले perfect participle of पाह-

पाह- v. t. to see, to look at

म्हटली perfect participle of म्हण-

म्हण- v. t. to say

SOCIOLINGUISTIC NOTE

प्रिय सुशीला

स. न.

This is the format for writing informal letters. प्रिय is a common way of address for friends and equals. For seniors, there is a respectful way of address तीर्थरूप which means venerable or respected. स. न. is a short form for सप्रेम नमस्कार, which means love and regards. While writing to seniors सा. न., i.e. साष्टांग नमस्कार is used, which means deepest regards.

So when writing to one's father, the address will be:

तीर्थरूप बाबांना

सा. न.

WORD STUDY

1. The phrase चालू आहे is used in the sense of 'is going on' or 'is under way'.

आत्ता आमचा मराठीचा वर्ग चालू आहे.Our Marathi class is in progress night now.
काम चालू (आहे) रस्ता बंद (आहे).Work under way, road closed.
आमचा रेडिओ सकाळी साडेआठपर्यंत चालू असतो.Our radio is on every morning until 8.30.

The verb चाल- (lit., to walk) is used often in the sense of the continue, to keep going. Read these sentences:

नमस्ते. कसा आहेस? काय चाललंय सध्या?Hello, How are you? What's going on at Present? (What's up?)
माझा सतार - वर्ग दोन तास चालेल.My sitar class will go on for two hours.
गणपतीची मिरवणूक बावीस तास चालली.The Ganapati procession went on for twenty-two hours.

2. In the sentence जवळ जवळ प्रत्येक घरी गणपती असतो, the verb used is the auxiliary in the Imperfect aspect. You may remember that this form of the auxiliary is used to indicate a state or condition that pertains as a rule or a norm - as opposed to a simple statement of present fact, for which the present tense is used.


अभ्यास

a. गणपतीची आरती ऐका, पाठ करा आणि म्हणायला शिका.

b. गणपती उत्सवाबद्दल तुमच्या मित्राला पत्र लिहा.

c. याला मराठीत काय म्हणतात?

1. procession4. cymbals
2. to clap5. sandle wood
3. match-stick6. immersion

d. पुढील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे लिहा.

1. गणपतीची इतर दोन नावं कोणती?

2. तुमच्या घरी गणपती किती दिवस होता?

3. 'प्रसाद' म्हणजे काय?

4. तुम्ही गावात जाऊन गणपती बघितले का?

5. पाच मराठी सणांची नावं लिहा.


28. Grammar

A) PERFECT OF TRANSITIVE VERBS

काल आम्ही स्वयंपाक (m.) केला.

तुम्ही काय काय (n.) केलंत?

आम्ही भाज्या घालून मासालेभात (m.) केला.

आम्ही पुऱ्या (f. pl.) तळल्या.

मी गुलाबजाम (m. pl.) विकत आणले.

आम्ही एक हिंदी सिनेमा (m.) बघितला.

(तू) मराठी सिनेमा (m.) कधी बघिलास का?

The striking thing about transitive verbs in the perfect is that the verbs ending agrees with the direct object rather than with the subject. Observe the pattern in the following sentences.

मी चटणी केली.I made chutney.
मी स्वयंपाक केला.I did the cooking.
मी पुऱ्या केल्या.I made puris.

In each sentence the subject मी is the same, but the verb endings change to agree with the direct object, which has changed in every sentence. In the first sentence, the verb ending is feminine singular to agree with the object चटणी which is feminine singular too. In the second sentence the verb ending is which is masculine singular and so is the object स्वयंपाक. In the third sentence, since the object पुऱ्या is feminine plural, the verb ending या is feminine plural too.

As the verb agrees with the direct object, only the third person forms are ever used.

Table 13. Perfect endings of transitive verbs

MFN
Singular*
Pluralया

Note that these are the regular adjective endings.

* Note that in more formal writing contexts the neuter singular ending is replaced by ए.

You will recall that a person cannot be a direct object, but must be made indirect. If the only object in the sentence is indirect, the verb ending is neuter singular by default.

आम्ही खूप लोकांना बोलावलं.We invited many people.

Despite the fact that the verb ending agrees with the object rather than the subject, if the subject is in the second person singular, is added to the verb ending. (This second person singular is ubiquitous in the verbal system.)

तू घर बघितलंस का?Did you see the house?
तू स्वयंपाक केलास का?Did you cook?
तू मुलांना बोलावलंस का?Did you invite the kids?

In the second person plural is sometimes added. This usage tends to be slightly old-fashioned or formal.

तुम्ही घर बघितलंत का?

तुम्ही जेवण केलंस का?

तुम्ही मुलांना बोलवतं का?

Let's take the verb कर- as concrete example and see how the verb-endings are added to a transitive verb to agree wit the object. (The verb कर- changes to के- in its perfect stem before taking the verb endings.)

मी वडा केला.m. sing.
मी वडे केले.m. pl.
मी पोळी केलीf. sing.
मी पोळ्या केल्या.f. pl.
मी काम केलंn. sing.
मी कामं केली.n. pl.

Here is a list of the transitive verbs you have encountered so far.

कर- to doपहा- to see, to watch
खा- to eatसांग- to tell
दे- to giveआण- to bring
घे- to takeने- to take along
बघ- to watch, to seeऐक- to hear, to listen
विचार- to ask (a question)दाखव- to show
शोध- to search forलिहि- to write
मिळव- to earn, to acquireवाच- to read
बोलाव- to inviteघाल- to put in, to put on
थांबव- to put a stop toठेव- to put, to keep
बनव- to prepare, to makeकाढ- to draw, to take off
तळ- to fryमिट- to close (the eyes)
फसव- to cheat, to foolजोड- to join together (hands)
वापर- to useलाव- to apply, to turn on, to close
विकत घे- to buyकाप- to cut
निवड- to pick over and clean, to chooseवाढ- to serve food
धु- to wash वहा- to make on offering
पुस- to wipeसंपव- to put an end to
चालव- to drive (a vehicle)उकळ- to boil something
मांड to layout, set forth, present

Irregular transitive verbs. A number of the most common transitive verbs have irregular perfect stems. The ones you are familiar with are listed below. The perfect participles are given in the neuter singular.

BasePerfect stemPerfect participle
कर-के-केलं
घे-घेत-घेतलं
बघ-बघित-बघितलं
घाल-घात-घातलं
दे-दि-दिलं
धु-धुत-धुतलं
सांग-सांगित-सांगितलं
पाह-पाहि-पाहिलं
खा-खाल-खाल्लं
म्हण-म्हट-म्हटलं

B) PERFECT OF TRANSITIVE VERBS AND THIRD PERSON SUBJECTS

शिल्पानी कोशिंबीर केली.Shilpa made a salad.
प्रियानी चटणी आणली.Priya brought a chutney.
त्यांनी खूप भाज्या आणि फळं आणली.They brought a lot of vegetables and fruit.
त्यांनी द्राक्ष आणि सफरचंदंही घेतली.They got grapes and apples too.
आईनी सगळी भाजी निवडली आणि फ्रिजमध्ये ठेवली.Mother picked through all the vegetables and put them in the fridge.
बाबांनी 'गणपती' विकत घेतला.Father bought a Ganapati (figurine).

The perfect of transitive verbs might seem less strange if we look at it as a kind of passive: 'A shirt was gotten by me,' 'A pair of chappals was gotten by me,' etc. In fact, the formula for the perfect of transitive verbs is N -नी V - Eperf. You will notice that the instrumental postposition नीis added to the subject. With first and second person pronouns the नी is theoretically there but it is not expressed. However नीis used for third person subjects.

माझ्या मैत्रिणींनी स्वयंपाक केला.My friends cooked.
शीतलनी एक मराठी नाटक बघितलं.Sheetal watched a Marathi play.
त्यानी पुस्तक वाचलं.He read the book.

In all the sentences, the transitive verbs have perfect ending to agree with the object and the subjects a third person noun (मैत्रिणी) a pronoun (तो) and a proper noun. All the three subjects have the instrumental postposition नी 'by' added to them. These sentences might helpfully be read in the passive, e.g:

त्यानी (by him) पुस्तक (a book) वाचलं (was read).

Note that when a subject takes the postposition नी any variable adjective that modifies it must assume the oblique ending hence, माझ्या मैत्रिणींनी.

The instrumental suffix नी used in speech in written as ने in formal writing. Sometimes, it is also written and pronounced as नं. Thus, 'by him' could be written in three different ways : 1. तो+नं = त्यानं, 2. तो+नी = त्यानी and 3. तो+ने = त्याने.

The instrumental postposition for the third person plural is always नी.

Table 14. Third person subject pronouns with instrumental नी

Singularplural
Mतोत्यानीतेत्यांनी
Fतीतिनीत्यात्यांनी
Nतेत्यानीतीत्यांनी

The interrogative pronoun कोण also takes नी. कोण + नी gives us कोणी.

हे पुस्तक कोणी वाचलं?Who read this book?
तुला ही पिशवी कोणी दिली?Who gave this bag to you?
आज कपडे कोणी धुतले?Who washed the clothes today?

C) NEGATIVE OF TRANSITIVE VERBS IN THE PERFECT

The negative of transitive verbs in the perfect is formed just like the negative of intransitive verbs. The appropriate negative forms of the auxiliary verb are added to the affirmative sentence.

मी आंबा खाल्ला becomes मी आंबा खाल्ला नाही.

मी आंबे खाल्ले becomes मी आंबे खाल्ले नाहीत.

Note that the auxiliary verb in the negative also agrees with the object.

In the case of subject तू however the negative auxiliary will take a - ending.

तू आंबा खाल्लास becomes तू आंबा खाल्ला नाहीस.

तू आंबे खाल्ले becomes तू आंबे खाल्ले नाहीस.

D) SPECIAL TRANSITIVE VERBS

There is a sub-class of transitive verbs which behave like intransitive verbs in the perfect. That is, the ending of the perfect participle agrees with the subject rather than the object. The special transitive verbs are listed below.

पि- to drinkविसर- to forget
बोल- to speakशिक- to learn
खेळ- to playभेट- to meet
नेस- to wear (a seamless garment)
मी टॉवेल विसरलो / विसरले.I forgot a towel.
मी मराठी शिकलो / शिकले.I learned Marathi.
आम्ही क्रिकेट खेळलो.We played cricket.

The only special transitive verb with an irregular perfect stem is पि- which has the perfect stem प्याय-.

मी कॉफी प्यायलो / प्यायले.

Just as intransitive verbs, special transitive verbs form their negative by adding the appropriate form of the negative auxiliary (नाही) that agrees with the subject.

E) PERFECT WITH THE PAST TENSE AUXILIARY

मी आंबा खाल्ला होता.

त्यानी पुस्तक वाचलं होतं.

सुनंदानी फोन केला होता.

In such sentences, the auxiliary अस- in its past tense is added and like the perfect form of the main verb, agrees, with the object. This changes the meaning of the sentence.

Whereas,

मी आंबा खाल्ला.means 'I ate a mango'.
मी आंबा खाल्ला होता.means 'I had eaten a mango'.

Here is the paradigm of all the forms of the auxiliary verb अस- in the past with the perfect verb form for the verb दे-.

singularplural
Mमी आंबा दिला होता.मी आंबे दिले होते.
Fमी वही दिली होती.मी वह्या दिल्या होत्या.
Nमी पुस्तक दिलं होतं.मी पुस्तकं दिली होती.

With the negative past tense auxiliary.

The negative counterpart of the past tens auxiliary can be used in exactly the same way.

मी आंबा खाल्ला नाही.means' I didn't eat a mango'.
मी आंबा खाल्ला नव्हता.means' I hadn't eaten a mango'.

Here is the paradigm of the verb दे- in the perfect with the negative past auxiliary.

singularplural
Mमी आंबा दिला नव्हता.मी आंबे दिले नव्हते.
Fमी वही दिली नव्हती.मी वह्या दिल्या नव्हत्या.
Nमी पुस्तक दिलं नव्हतं.मी पुस्तकं दिली नव्हती.

When the subject is तू the end verb takes a स. Thus, we have:

तू आंबा दिला होतास / नव्हतास.तू आंबे दिले होतेस / नव्हतेस.
तू वही दिली होतीस / नव्हतीस.तू वह्या दिल्या होत्यास / नव्हत्यास.
तू पुस्तक दिलं होतंस / नव्हतंस.तू पुस्तकं दिली होतीस / नव्हतीस.

PATTERN PRACTICE

A. Give the perfect form as indicated for the following verbs.

कर- m. sing.

बघ- n. pl.

दे- f. pl.

सांग- m. pl.

खा- m. sing.

काढ- n. pl.

आण- f. sing.

घे- f. pl.

ने- m. sing.

चालव- f. sing.

B. Write the following sentences with the correct perfect form of the verb. Then translate into English.

1. मी पुस्तक (वाच-)

2. तुम्ही सिनेमा (बघ-) का?

3. आम्ही गाणी (ऐक-)

4. मी चार साड्या (विकत घे-)

5. तुम्ही भात (खा-)

6. मी मंडईतून भाजी (आण-)

7. आम्ही गाडी (चालव-)

8. तुम्ही त्याला सायकल (दे-) का?

9. काल आम्ही एक मराठी नाटक (बघ-)

10. आम्ही स्वयंपाक (कर-)

C. Fill in direct objects that will complete these sentences.

1. मी .... खाल्ले.

2. आम्ही ... धुतली.

3. तुम्ही ... केलं का?

4. आम्ही ... आणल्या.

5. मी ... बघितला.

D. Match up the two columns, then make complete sentences of the matched sets.

खूप फोटोखाल्ला
काकड्यासांगितली
गोष्ट (story f.)वाचलं
मसाला डोसाकाढले
पत्रआणल्या

E. Give proper perfect verb form the suggested verbs with तू as the subject.

1. गरम पोळ्या (खा-)?

2. मला पैसे (दे-) का?

3. गाणं (ऐक-)?

4. ताजमहाल (बघ-) का?

5. चहात दूध (घाल-) का?

6. आईला तुझी नवी साडी (दाखव-)?

7. कपडे (धु-)?

8. बँकेतून किती पैसे (काढ-)?

9. चहा (पि-) की कॉफी?

10. रेडिओ (लाव-)?

F. Put the words in parentheses in their correct form.

1. (माझी आई) सगळे कपडे धुतले.

2. (तो) तबला वाजवला.

3. सुजातानी आम्हाला दोन गोष्टी (सांग-)

4. (विद्यार्थी) अभ्यास केला.

5. (तुझे बाबा) भाजी आणली का?

6. संपदानी तुम्हाला निरोप (दे-) का?

7. (त्यांचे मोठे काका) गाडी विकत घेतली.

8. (सुमंतचा मित्र) त्याला फोन केला.

9. अभिजितनी खूप फोटो (काढ-).

10. (मीराची आजी) देवपूजा केली.

G. Translate the following in English.

1. मेधानी गुलाबाची फुलं विकत घेतली.

2. आईनी सकाळी लवकर अंघोळ केली.

3. त्यानी फोन केला की नाही?

4. नंदिनीच्या मामानी गुलाबजाम आणले.

5. हे पुस्तक कोणी आणलं?

H. Translate in Marathi.

1. They wrote a letter.

2. Her younger brother watched T.V.

3. Ashok listened to the song.

4. My mother made a vegetable curry.

5. Who gave this red saree to you?

6. Did he show you the photographs?

7. Surekha played sitar.

8. Vineet and Mahesh read a magazine.

9. They finished all the bananas.

10. Who ate those sweet mangoes?

I. Make the following sentences negative.

1. आम्ही गाणं ऐकलं.

2. आम्ही गाणं ऐकलं होतं.

3. मीरानी दोन नवी पुस्तकं विकत घेतली.

4. तू आमटी-भात खाल्लास का?

5. काल आईनी गुलाबजाम केले होते.

6. बाबांनी बाजारातून फुलं आणली.

7. तुम्ही मित्राला पत्र लिहिलं का?

8. आजीनी मुलांना गोष्ट सांगितली.

9. तू बँकेतून पैसे काढले होतेस का?

10. त्यांनी त्यांचे सगळे कपडे धुतले.

J. Translate in English.

1. आम्ही मराठी नाटक बघितलं नाही.

2. आईनी भात केला नव्हता.

3. सुधीरनी फोटो काढले नाहीत का?

4. मीरानी गाडी चालवली नाही.

5. तू टी. व्ही. बघितला नव्हतास का?

K. Translate in Marathi.

1. The students had not come as yet yesterday.

2. Ann had not seen the movie.

3. You did not eat a banana.

4. Meera had not called me.

5. We did not read that book.

End Game

1. Read this sentence: माझ्या मोठ्या मामानी मला मारलं.

All the words in the sentence begin with म.

Now, write three such sentences where all the words will being in 1. क, 2. स, and 3. आ.

2. Sit in a circle. The first boy gives a Marathi word, say, पुस्तक. Now the next one has to give a Marathi word that the begins with , say काम. The next one gives a word beginning with ; and so on. Not more than five seconds should be given to think of the next word.


TABLE 15. Subject pronouns and their transformations

PersonSingularplural
Pronoun+ ला+ नी+ चाObliquePronoun+ ला / ना+ नी+ चाOblique
Iमीमलामीमाझामाझ्या-आम्ही
आपण
आम्हांला
आपल्याला
आम्ही
आपण
आमचा
आपला
आमच्या-
आपल्या-
IIतूतुलातूतुझातुझ्या-तुम्ही
आपण
तुम्हांला
आपल्याला
तुम्ही
आपण
तुमचा
आपला
तुमच्या-
आपल्या
IIIm. तोf. ती
n. ते
m. हा
f.ही
n. हे
त्याला
तिला
त्याला
ह्याला / यालाहिला
ह्याला / याला
त्यानी
तिनी
त्यानी
ह्यानी / यानी
हिनी
ह्यानी / यानी
त्याचा
तिचा
त्याचा
ह्याचा / याचा
हिचा
ह्याचा / याचा
त्याच्या-
तिच्या-
त्याच्या-
ह्याच्या- / याच्या-
हिच्या
ह्याचा- / याच्या
ते
त्या
ती
हे
ह्या
ही
त्यांना
त्यांना
त्यांना
ह्यांना / यांना
ह्यांना / यांना
ह्यांना / यांना
त्यांनी
त्यांनी
त्यांनी
ह्यांनी / यांनी
ह्यांनी / यांनी
ह्यांचा / यांचा
त्यांचा
त्यांचा
त्यांचा
ह्यांचा / यांचा
ह्यांचा / यांचा
ह्यांच्या- / यांच्या
त्यांच्या-
त्यांच्या-
त्यांच्या-
ह्यांच्या- / यांच्या-
ह्यांच्या- / यांच्या-
ह्यांच्या- / यांच्या
Interrogativeकोणकोणाला / कुणालाकोणी / कुणीकोणाचा / कुणाचाकोणाच्या / कुणाच्या

Unit Six

Common Courtesies


29. Asking permission

Meera asks her mother for permission to go to a movie.

मीरा :आई, आत येऊ का?Mother, may I come in?
आई : हो. ये की. काय हवं आहे?Yes, come in. What do you want?
मीरा : मला पन्नास रुपये हवे आहेत.I want fifty rupees.
आई : पन्नास रुपये? ते कशाला?Fifty rupees? What for?
मीरा : आई, आज ऍ?न आणि मी सिनेमाला जाऊ?Mother, can Ann and I go for a movie today?
आई : बरं. जा. पण वेळेवर घरी या.OK, you can go. But come home on time.
मीरा : साडेसातपर्यंत येतो. निघू आता?We will be back by 7:30. May we leave now?
आई : हं. सावकाश जा.Yes and take care ('go slowly').
मीरा : बरंय. येते मी.Goodbye. I will be back (soon).

VOCABULARY

Adverbs

वेळेवर adv. on time

Postpositions

-पर्यंत post. till, up to

Interrogative words

कशाला what for, why

Verbs

हवं आहे v.i. (N-la impers.) to want, to need.

GRAMMAR NOTES

1. हवं आहे is synonymous with पाहिजे आहे . Like पाहिजे the हवं- construction also has the subject +ला (sing.) ना (pl.) But, unlike पाहिजे (sing.) or पाहिजेत (pl.) हवं changes according to the gender as well as number of the noun it refers to using the now - familiar regular adjective endings.

सुधाला पाणी हवं आहे.Sudha wants water.

Here, both पाणी and हवं are neuter singular.

तुला चहा हवा आहे का?Do you want tea?

Here, both चहा and हवा are masculine singular.

आजीला भाज्या हव्या आहेत.Grandma wants vegetables.

Here, both भाज्या and हव्या are feminine plural.

In speech, the auxiliary आहे in this construction (as in most contexts) is significantly shortened. The table gives the common contracted forms of this construction.

sing.pl.
mहवायहवेत
fहवीयहव्यायत
nहवंयहवीयत

As this is only a very approximate guide to the pronunciation, listen carefully to your teacher and learn the contracted spoken forms accordingly. To avoid perplexity however, in the remainder of this text the non-contracted forms of this construction will be printed as in the following examples.

sing.pl.
mमीराला आंबा हवा आहेमीराला आंबे हवे आहेत
fमीराला वही हवी आहेमीराला वह्या हव्या आहेत
nमीराला केळं हवं आहेमीराला केळी हवी आहेत

Though it is easier to use पाहिजे / पाहिजेत forms, as they do not change according to the gender of the noun, in spoken language, it is the हवं form which is used more commonly and is a more refined way of speech as well.

The negative, i.e., 'do not want', counterpart of both the पाहिजे (आहे) and हवं आहे patterns is नको (आहे). Like पाहिजे, नको is invariable if used with the appropriate form of the auxiliary. But just as पाहिजे has a plural form पाहिजेत if used without the auxiliary, नको similarly has the plural form नकोत.

sing.pl.
mमीराला आंबा नको आहे / नको.मीराला आंबे नको आहेत / नकोत.
fमीराला वही नको आहे / नको.मीराला वह्या नको आहेत / नकोत.
nमीराला केळं नको आहे / नको.मीराला केळी नको आहेत / नकोत.

2. You are now quite familiar with how to ask permission.

मी आत येऊ का?May I come in?
आम्ही सिनेमाला जाऊ का?May we go to a movie?
निघू आता?May I leave now?

When asking permission, questions are formed using V + ऊ.

मी (ये+ ऊ) येऊ का?

आम्ही सिनेमा (बघ+ ऊ) = बघू का?


अभ्यास

a. Use the proper forms of हवं आहे.

1. लीनाला चार पुस्तकं ....

2. तुला दूध गरम ... का?

3. त्यांना दहा रूपये .......

4. तिच्या भावाला नवी सायकल ........

5. तुम्हाला भाज्या ......... का?

6. आई, स्वयंपाकात मदत ..... का?

7. त्यांना फुलं .........

8. सुरेशला रुमाल ......

9. बाबांना आजचा पेपर ....

10. तुला चहा ..., कॉफी .... की दूध ....?

Repeat 1 - 9 above using the proper forms of नको आहे and नको / नकोत.

b. Ask permission using the suggested verbs. Each question must have at least five words. e.g.,

दे- हे पुस्तक त्या विद्यार्थ्याला देऊ का?

लिहि-स्वयंपाक कर-
सांग-साडी नेस-
प्रश्न विचार-गाणं म्हण-
दे-टी. व्ही. बघ-
खा-फोन कर-

30. Making a Phone-call

Meera asks her mother for her uncle's phone number.

आई :मीरा, कुमारमामाला फोन कर गं.Meera, please call Kumarmama.
मीरा :करते हं. पण मी नंबर विसरले. काय आहे ग त्याचा फोन नंबर?Yes, I will. But I forgot the number. What's his phone-number?
आई :तीन तीन दोन, एक शून्य, आठ सहा.Three three two, one zero, eight six.
मीरा : त्याऐवजी, तीनशेबत्तीस दहा शहाऐंशी असं सांग की!Instead of this, say three hundred thirty-two, ten, eighty-six!
आई : तेच ते. जा. फोन लाव आधीIt's the same thing. Go, call him first.
Marathi text graphicMeera tries calling her uncle.

मीरा: हॅलो, कुमारमामा का?Hello, is this Kumarmama?
: सॉरी, हे पावरांचं घर आहे.Sorry. This is Pawar's residence.
मीरा: माफ कर हं, राँग नंबर.Pardon me, wrong number.

Meera tries again.

मीरा : हॅलो, तीनशेबत्तीस दहा शहाऐंशी?Hello, is it three hundred thirty two, ten, eighty-six?
मामी : हो हो. कोण, मीरा का? मी नंदामामी.Yes. Is that you, Meera? It's me. Nandamami.
मीरा : कशी आहेस? ठीक ना सगळं?How are you? Is every thing OK?
मामी : हो. आईबाबा काय म्हणतात?Oh yes. And how are (your) parents?
मीरा : मजेत! कुमारमामा आहे का ग?They are fine. Is Kumarmama home?
मामी : नाही. 'हे' बाहेर गेलेत. उशिरा येतील रात्री.No. He is gone out. He will come back late tonight.
मीरा : मग उद्या सकाळी त्याला फोन करायला सांगशील?Will you please ask him to call us tomorrow morning?
मामी : हो. नक्की.Oh yes. Certainly.
मीरा : ठेवू मग? अच्छा.Shall I hang up? Good-bye.
मामी : अच्छा.Good-bye.

Variation

ऍ?न : हॅलो, गोखल्यांचं घर का?Hello, is this the Gokhale's residence?
गोखले : हो. मी गोखले बोलतोय. आपण कोण बोलताय?Yes, this is Mr. Gokhale speaking. Who is speaking please?
ऍ?न : मी ऍ?न - क्रेगची मैत्रीण. जरा क्रेगला फोन देता का?This is Ann, Craig's friend. Would you please give the phone to Craig?
गोखले : क्रेग घरी नाही आहे. काही निरोप आहे का?Craig is not home. Is there any message for him?
ऍ?न : नाही, ठीक आहे. मी नंतर फोन करीन. थँक यू. अच्छा.No, that's OK. I will call him later. Thank You. Good-bye.

VOCABULARY

Nouns

नंबर, नंबर m. number

निरोप, निरोप m. message

आईबाबा m. pl. parents

Adjectives and adverbs

माफ adj. inv. pardoned, forgiven o कर- to pardon, forgive

असं adv. var. like this

Postposition

ऐवजी post. instead of. त्याऐवजी instead of that

Leave-taking

अच्छा interj. good-bye

Proper names

कुमार (m.) Kumar, a given name

नंदा (f.) Nanda, a given name

गोखले Gokhale, a surname


a. Read and repeat these telephone conversations.

b. Listen to the people when make or receive phone calls. Note especially their responses.

c. Give your number in Marathi.


Phone Numbers

In Pune seven-digit phone numbers have recently been introduced. They can be given in a couple of ways. For example, the phone number : 3385714 can be given

1. digit-wise - तीन तीन आठ, पाच सात, एक चार.

2. In a combination of three-digit and two-digit sets- तीनशे अडतीस, सत्तावन, चौदा.

It is Indian Government's policy that Arabic figures should be used everywhere. However, though the figures are 'written' in Arabic, they are 'read' or 'spoken' in one's mother tongue. For example, the T.V. screen will flash the signal- 'उद्या दुपारी 4.30 वाजता', which will be 'read' as 'उद्या दुपारी साडेचार वाजता'.

Similarly, though the telephone instruments have Arabic numbers on them, people give their number in Marathi. So it is necessary to know the remaining numbers up to 100 and beyond. Here is a complete list.

0 शून्य
1. एक11. अकरा21. एकवीस
2. दोन12. बारा22. बावीस
3. तीन13. तेरा23. तेवीस
4. चार14. चौदा24. चोवीस
5. पाच15. पंधरा25. पंचवीस
6. सहा16. सोळा26. सव्वीस
7. सात17. सतरा27. सत्तावीस
8. आठ18. अठरा28. अठ्‌्ठावीस
9. नऊ19. एकोणीस29. एकोणतीस
10. दहा20. वीस30. तीस
31. एकतीस41. एक्केचाळीस51. एक्कावन
32. बत्तीस42. बेचाळीस52. बावन
33. तेहेतीस43. त्रेचाळीस53. त्रेपन
34. चौतीस44. चव्वेचाळीस54. चोपन
35. पस्तीस45. पंचेचाळीस55. पंचावन
36. छत्तीस46. शेहेचाळीस56. छप्पन
37. सदतीस47. सत्तेचाळीस57. सत्तावन
38. अडतीस48. अठ्‌्ठेचाळीस58. अठ्‌्ठावन
39. एकोणचाळीस49. एकोणपन्नास59. एकोणसाठ
40. चाळीस50. पन्नास60. साठ
61. एकसष्ट71. एकाहत्तर81. एक्क्याऐंशी
62. बासष्ट72. बाहत्तर82. ब्याऐंशी
63. त्रेसष्ट73. त्र्याहत्तर83. त्र्याऐंशी
64. चौसष्ट74. चौऱ्याहत्तर84. चौऱ्याऐंशी
65. पासष्ट75. पंचाहत्तर85. पंच्याऐंशी
66. सहासष्ट76. शाहाहत्तर86. शहाऐंशी
67. सदुसष्ट77. सत्त्याहत्तर87. सत्याऐंशी
68. अडुसष्ट78. अठ्‌ठ्याहत्तर88. अठ्ठ्याऐंशी
69. एकोणसत्तर79. एकोणऐंशी89. एकोणनव्वद
70. सत्तर80. ऐंशी90. नव्वद
91. एक्याण्णव200 दोनशे
92. ब्याण्णव300 तीनशे
93. त्र्याण्णव400 चारशे
94. चौऱ्याण्णव500 पाचशे
95. पंच्याण्णव600 सहाशे
96. शाहाण्णव700 सातशे
97. सत्याण्णव800 आठशे
98. अठ्ठ्याण्णव900 नऊशे
99. नव्याण्णव1000 एक हजार
100. शंभर10000 दहा हजार

Here are some numbers written as words.

342 तीनशे बोचाळीस

763 सातशे त्रेसष्ट

509 पाचशे नऊ

4236 चार हजार दोनशे छत्तीस

7019 सात हजार एकोणीस; etc.


अभ्यास

a. Write these number in words.

7368
8445
3953
2894
203317
412503
600821
27014083
9000175
6377835

b. Tell these phone numbers in different ways.

335229834727743331386
552442253770665464699
538282236456733203218
3385932

c. Write as numerals.

अडतीसपंचावन
त्रेपनआठ
सत्तेचाळीसएकोणनव्वद
दोनशे तेराचारशे नऊ
सातशे पस्तीसतीन हजार
पाच हजार चारशे तीनसहा हजार तीनशे

31. Going to the Table

Marathi text graphic महेश : आई, मला खूप भू